Verba Dēpōnentia · Sēmidēpōnentia
Deponent (dēpōnēns) verbs are conjugated only in the passive voice but have active meaning. The traditional name comes from dēpōnō "lay aside" — the verb is said to have "laid aside" its active forms. Roughly 200 verbs in classical Latin are deponent; many are basic and frequent. The phenomenon is an Indo-European archaism — a "middle voice" that survives in Latin only in this specialized class.
Principal parts of a deponent are three (not four) — present 1st sg., present infinitive, perfect 1st sg.: hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum "encourage". The fourth principal part (supine) is replaced by the perfect participle, which is included in the perfect form.
Despite passive form, a deponent governs an accusative direct object just like an ordinary active verb: hostēs hortātur "he encourages the enemy" — not "he is encouraged by the enemy". This is the fundamental syntactic feature: the form is passive, the function is active.
Deponents preserve a few active-form survivals in their non-finite parts (see § 209): the present participle (hortāns), future participle (hortātūrus), gerund (hortandī), and supine (hortātum, hortātū) all retain the active form. The perfect participle (hortātus) is passive in form but active in meaning — making deponents the only Latin verbs whose perfect participle is active in sense.
Deponents distribute across all five conjugations: I, II, III, III-iō, IV.
디포넌트 (dēpōnēns) 동사는 수동태로만 활용하나 뜻은 능동이다. 전통적인 이름은 dēpōnō(내려놓다)에서 왔다 — 능동형을 "내려놓았다"는 의미. 고전 라틴어에 약 200개. 많은 것이 기본 어휘. 이 현상은 인도유럽조어의 흔적으로 — "중간태"가 라틴어에는 이 특수 부류에서만 살아남았다.
주요부는 정규 동사의 4개가 아니라 3개다 — 현재 1인칭 단수·현재 부정사·완료 1인칭 단수: hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum(권하다). 4번째 주요부(목적분사)는 완료 분사로 대체되며, 완료 형에 포함된다.
형은 수동이지만 대격 직접목적어를 보통의 능동 동사처럼 지배한다: hostēs hortātur(그가 적을 권한다·격려한다) — "적에 의해 격려된다"가 아님. 이것이 근본적인 통사 특징이다: 형은 수동, 기능은 능동.
디포넌트는 비정형 부분에 몇몇 능동 형의 잔류를 보존한다(§ 209 참조): 현재 분사(hortāns)·미래 분사(hortātūrus)·동명사(hortandī)·목적분사(hortātum, hortātū)는 모두 능동 형을 유지. 완료 분사(hortātus)는 형은 수동이나 의미는 능동 — 디포넌트가 라틴어에서 유일하게 완료 분사가 의미상 능동인 동사들이다.
디포넌트는 5 활용 모두에 분포: I, II, III, III-iō, IV.
| Person | Pres. | Imperf. | Fut. | Perf. | Plup. | Fut.Perf. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | hortor | hortābar | hortābor | hortātus sum | hortātus eram | hortātus erō |
| 2 sg. | hortāris | hortābāris | hortāberis | hortātus es | hortātus erās | hortātus eris |
| 3 sg. | hortātur | hortābātur | hortābitur | hortātus est | hortātus erat | hortātus erit |
| 1 pl. | hortāmur | hortābāmur | hortābimur | hortātī sumus | hortātī erāmus | hortātī erimus |
| 2 pl. | hortāminī | hortābāminī | hortābiminī | hortātī estis | hortātī erātis | hortātī eritis |
| 3 pl. | hortantur | hortābantur | hortābuntur | hortātī sunt | hortātī erant | hortātī erunt |
| Person | Pres. | Impf. | Perf. | Plup. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | horter | hortārer | hortātus sim | hortātus essem |
| 2 sg. | hortēris | hortārēris | hortātus sīs | hortātus essēs |
| 3 sg. | hortētur | hortārētur | hortātus sit | hortātus esset |
| 1 pl. | hortēmur | hortārēmur | hortātī sīmus | hortātī essēmus |
| 2 pl. | hortēminī | hortārēminī | hortātī sītis | hortātī essētis |
| 3 pl. | hortentur | hortārentur | hortātī sint | hortātī essent |
| Form | Latin | Active or Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Imper. 2sg./pl. | hortāre / hortāminī | passive form, active meaning |
| Inf. pres. | hortārī | passive form |
| Inf. perf. | hortātus esse | passive form |
| Inf. fut. | hortātūrus esse | ★ active form (survival) |
| Part. pres. | hortāns, -antis | ★ active form (survival) |
| Part. perf. | hortātus, -a, -um | passive form, ACTIVE meaning ★ |
| Part. fut. | hortātūrus, -a, -um | ★ active form (survival) |
| Gerundive | hortandus, -a, -um | passive form, passive meaning |
| Gerund | hortandī, -ō, -um, -ō | ★ active form (survival) |
| Supine | hortātum, hortātū | ★ active form (survival) |
| Conj. | Pres. 1sg. | Pres. Inf. | Perf. 1sg. | Perf. Pcpl. | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | hortor | hortārī | hortātus sum | hortātus | encourage, urge |
| II | vereor | verērī | veritus sum | veritus | fear, revere |
| III | sequor | sequī | secūtus sum | secūtus | follow |
| III-iō | patior | patī | passus sum | passus | suffer, allow |
| IV | partior | partīrī | partītus sum | partītus | share, divide |
| Tense / Mood | vereor (II) | sequor (III) | patior (III-iō) | partior (IV) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pres. Ind. | vereor | sequor | patior | partior |
| Imperf. Ind. | verēbar | sequēbar | patiēbar | partiēbar |
| Fut. Ind. | verēbor | sequar | patiar | partiar |
| Perf. Ind. | veritus sum | secūtus sum | passus sum | partītus sum |
| Pres. Subj. | verear | sequar | patiar | partiar |
| Imperf. Subj. | verērer | sequerer | paterer | partīrer |
| Imper. 2sg. | verēre | sequere | patere | partīre |
| Imper. 2pl. | verēminī | sequiminī | patiminī | partīminī |
| Inf. pres. | verērī | sequī | patī | partīrī |
| Part. pres. (act. form) | verēns | sequēns | patiēns | partiēns |
| Part. perf. (active sense) | veritus | secūtus | passus | partītus |
Even though deponents are passive in form, they retain four active-form participles/verbals — these are the parts that the passive system simply cannot supply, so the active forms persist as relics:
(1) Present participle — hortāns, hortantis "encouraging" (active form, active meaning).
(2) Future active participle — hortātūrus, -a, -um "about to encourage" (active form, active meaning).
(3) Future infinitive (active) — hortātūrus esse "to be about to encourage".
(4) Gerund — hortandī, hortandō, hortandum, hortandō "(of/for/at/by) encouraging".
(5) Supine — hortātum, hortātū.
The perfect participle is the most distinctive form: passive in form (hortātus) but, exceptionally, active in meaning: "having encouraged". This is the only Latin participle that is morphologically passive but semantically active — a unique feature of deponents and their practical reason for existing: they fill the gap of a missing perfect active participle.
The gerundive (e.g. hortandus, -a, -um "to be encouraged") keeps the standard passive sense, since gerundives express "what must be done to". This is the only verbal form of deponents whose meaning matches its passive form.
Practical use: deponent perfect participles are extensively used in classical narrative for actions completed before another action — Caesar's cohortātus mīlitēs "having exhorted the soldiers" precedes the main verb's action. The participle functions exactly as if there were a regular perfect active participle for ordinary verbs.
디포넌트가 형은 수동이지만, 4개의 능동 형 분사·동사적 명사를 보유한다 — 이들은 수동 체계가 단순히 공급할 수 없는 부분이며, 그래서 능동 형이 잔존한다:
(1) 현재 분사 — hortāns, hortantis(권하는)(능동 형, 능동 뜻).
(2) 미래 능동 분사 — hortātūrus, -a, -um(권하려는)(능동 형, 능동 뜻).
(3) 미래 부정사 (능동) — hortātūrus esse(권하려 한다).
(4) 동명사 — hortandī, hortandō, hortandum, hortandō(권함의·권함을 위해 등).
(5) 목적분사 — hortātum, hortātū.
완료 분사가 가장 두드러진 형: 형은 수동(hortātus)이나 예외적으로 뜻은 능동 — "권한 (뒤)". 라틴어에서 형태적으로 수동이면서 의미적으로 능동인 유일한 분사로, 디포넌트의 존재 이유 — 결여된 완료 능동 분사의 빈자리를 메운다.
형용동명사(hortandus, -a, -um "권받아야 할")는 표준 수동 의미를 유지 — 형용동명사는 "행해져야 할 것"을 표현하기 때문. 디포넌트의 동사적 형 중 의미가 수동 형과 일치하는 유일한 형이다.
실용 사용: 디포넌트의 완료 분사는 다른 행위 이전에 완결된 행위를 위해 고전 서사에서 광범위하게 쓰인다 — 카이사르의 cohortātus mīlitēs("병사들을 격려한 후")가 주동사 행위에 선행한다. 분사가 정확히 일반 동사의 완료 능동 분사처럼 기능한다.
| Verb | Conj. | Gloss | Govt. |
|---|---|---|---|
| arbitror, arbitrārī, arbitrātus | I | think, judge, consider | + acc/inf |
| cōnor, cōnārī, cōnātus | I | try, attempt | + inf |
| moror, morārī, morātus | I | delay, linger | + acc |
| imitor, imitārī, imitātus | I | imitate | + acc |
| īnsidior, -ārī, -ātus | I | plot, lay an ambush | + dat |
| laetor, laetārī, laetātus | I | rejoice | + abl |
| mīror, mīrārī, mīrātus | I | wonder at, admire | + acc |
| hortor, hortārī, hortātus | I | encourage, urge | + acc |
| cohortor | I | exhort (compound) | + acc |
| opīnor, opīnārī, opīnātus | I | think, suppose | + acc/inf |
| recordor, -ārī, -ātus | I | remember, recall | + gen/acc |
| versor, versārī, versātus | I | be engaged in, dwell | + in/abl |
| fateor, fatērī, fassus | II | confess, admit | + acc |
| cōnfiteor | II | confess (compound) | + acc |
| misereor, miserērī, miseritus | II | pity | + gen |
| polliceor, pollicērī, pollicitus | II | promise | + acc/inf |
| tueor, tuērī, tuitus / tūtus | II | watch, protect | + acc |
| vereor, verērī, veritus | II | fear, revere | + acc/nē |
| reor, rērī, ratus | II | think | + acc/inf |
| loquor, loquī, locūtus | III | speak | + acc |
| colloquor | III | converse | + cum |
| nāscor, nāscī, nātus | III | be born | + ex/abl |
| morior, morī, mortuus | III-iō | die | (intr.) |
| oblīvīscor, oblīvīscī, oblītus | III | forget | + gen |
| proficīscor, proficīscī, profectus | III | set out, depart | + ex/abl |
| queror, querī, questus | III | complain | + acc |
| sequor, sequī, secūtus | III | follow | + acc |
| cōnsequor | III | obtain, attain | + acc |
| persequor | III | pursue, prosecute | + acc |
| ūtor, ūtī, ūsus | III | use, enjoy | + abl |
| fruor, fruī, frūctus | III | enjoy | + abl |
| fungor, fungī, fūnctus | III | perform, discharge | + abl |
| potior, potīrī, potītus | IV | get possession of | + abl/gen |
| vēscor, vēscī (no perf.) | III | feed on | + abl |
| nītor, nītī, nīsus / nīxus | III | strive, lean on | + abl |
| īrāscor, īrāscī, īrātus | III | be angry | + dat |
| aggredior, -gredī, -gressus | III-iō | attack, approach | + acc |
| gradior, gradī, gressus | III-iō | step, walk | (intr.) |
| patior, patī, passus | III-iō | suffer, allow | + acc |
| orior, orīrī, ortus | IV | arise, rise | (intr.) |
| experior, experīrī, expertus | IV | try, experience | + acc |
| partior, partīrī, partītus | IV | share, divide | + acc + dat |
| mētior, mētīrī, mēnsus | IV | measure | + acc |
| blandior, blandīrī, blandītus | IV | flatter, caress | + dat |
Semi-deponents (sēmidēpōnentia) are active in the present system (pres., impf., fut. — both ind. and subj.) but deponent in the perfect system (perf., plup., fut.-perf.). They are few but high-frequency.
The four classical semi-deponents:
(1) audeō, audēre, ausus sum "dare". Pres. audeō; perf. ausus sum. Common: nōn audeō dīcere "I do not dare to speak". Imperative audē! "dare!".
(2) gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum "rejoice". Pres. gaudeō; perf. gāvīsus sum. gaudeō tē salvum esse "I rejoice that you are well".
(3) soleō, solēre, solitus sum "be accustomed". Pres. soleō; perf. solitus sum. Frequently used + infinitive: soleō legere "I am accustomed to read"; idiom ut solet "as he is wont".
(4) fīdō, fīdere, fīsus sum "trust" (with dative). Compounds: cōnfīdō "trust" and diffīdō "distrust". fīdō tibi "I trust you"; diffīdit suīs cōpiīs "he distrusts his own forces".
These verbs share a feature: their meaning is essentially stative and intransitive, so the perfect resembles "a state-of-having-X-ed" — and Latin marks such states with the perfect-passive-participle pattern. Hence the form is passive in the perfect, even when the verb is active throughout the present.
The pattern lets us see why deponents exist at all: the "passive" perfect in deponents and semi-deponents preserves an old middle voice sense — the action's effect rebounds on the subject, who is in a state.
반-디포넌트 (sēmidēpōnentia)는 현재 체계(현재·미완료·미래 — 직설·접속 모두)는 능동형이고, 완료 체계(완료·과거완료·미래완료)는 디포넌트형이다. 수는 적으나 빈도가 높다.
고전기 4 반-디포넌트:
(1) audeō, audēre, ausus sum(감히 ~하다). 현재 audeō; 완료 ausus sum. 흔함: nōn audeō dīcere(나는 감히 말하지 못한다). 명령 audē!(감히 하라!).
(2) gaudeō, gaudēre, gāvīsus sum(기뻐하다). 현재 gaudeō; 완료 gāvīsus sum. gaudeō tē salvum esse(네가 잘 있다는 것을 기뻐한다).
(3) soleō, solēre, solitus sum(~하곤 하다). 현재 soleō; 완료 solitus sum. 부정사와 자주: soleō legere(읽곤 한다); 관용 ut solet(늘 하던 대로).
(4) fīdō, fīdere, fīsus sum(신뢰하다)(여격과). 합성어: cōnfīdō(신뢰하다)·diffīdō(불신하다). fīdō tibi(너를 믿는다); diffīdit suīs cōpiīs(자기 군대를 불신한다).
이들은 공통 특징: 의미가 본질적으로 상태적이고 자동사적이어서, 완료가 "~한 상태"에 가깝다 — 라틴어가 그런 상태를 완료 수동 분사 패턴으로 표지한다. 따라서 동사가 현재 내내 능동이라도 완료에서 형이 수동이 된다.
이 패턴은 디포넌트가 왜 존재하는지를 보여 준다: 디포넌트와 반-디포넌트의 "수동" 완료는 옛 중간태 의미를 보존한다 — 행위의 효과가 주어에게 되돌아오고, 주어는 상태에 있다.
| Latin | Source | English / 한국어 |
|---|---|---|
| nōn enim possumus omnia per nōs. | (idiom + nōn possumus, contrast) | For we cannot do all things by ourselves. · 우리는 모든 것을 스스로 할 수 없다. |
| moriāmur et in media arma ruāmus. | Verg. Aen. 2.353 | Let us die and rush into the midst of arms. · 죽고서 무기 한가운데로 돌진하자. |
| arbitror eum esse fēlīcissimum. | arbitror + acc/inf | I judge him to be most happy. · 그가 가장 행복한 사람이라고 판단한다. |
| cōnāre quae cōnāris. | cōnor + acc | Try what you try. · 시도하는 바를 시도해 보라. |
| caelum, nōn animum mūtant quī trāns mare currunt. | Hor. Ep. 1.11.27 | They change their sky, not their soul, who run across the sea. · 바다를 건너 달리는 자들은 하늘을 바꾸지, 영혼은 바꾸지 않는다. |
| fortēs Fortūna iuvat. | (non-deponent for context) | (For contrast — Fortune helps the brave.) · 운명은 용감한 자를 돕는다. |
| nōn dubitō quīn vēneris ut hortārēris. | indir. + dep. | I do not doubt that you came to encourage. · 네가 격려하기 위해 왔음을 의심치 않는다. |
| recordātus est temporum. | recordor + gen. | He recalled the times. · 시간들을 회상했다. |
| oblīvīscere caedis et incendiōrum. | Cic. Cat. 1 (oblīvīscor + gen.) | Forget the slaughter and the fires. · 학살과 화재를 잊으라. |
| proficīscar, ut tē vidērem. | proficīscor + ut | I will set out (so) that I may see you. · 너를 만나러 출발할 것이다. |
| nōnne ausus es? | semi-dep. perf. | Did you not dare? · 너는 감히 ~하지 않았느냐? |
| solitus est ad mē venīre. | semi-dep. perf. | He has been accustomed to come to me. · 그는 내게 오곤 하였다. |
| gāvīsus est tē revertisse. | semi-dep. + ind. statement | He rejoiced that you had returned. · 네가 돌아왔음을 기뻐했다. |
| cōnfīsus suīs cōpiīs, hostēs aggressus est. | semi-dep. perf. ptcp + dep. | Trusting his troops, he attacked the enemy. · 자기 군대를 믿고 적을 공격했다. |
| polliceor mē hoc factūrum esse. | polliceor + acc/fut.inf | I promise that I shall do this. · 이것을 하리라고 약속한다. |
| memoriā tenētō. | imper. fut. + abl. | Hold (it) in memory. · 기억에 간직하라. |
| ūtere fortūnā tuā. | ūtor + abl. | Use your fortune. · 너의 운명을 써라. |
| locūtī sumus dē rē pūblicā. | loquor perf. | We have spoken about the republic. · 공화국에 관해 말했다. |
| profectus est in Galliam. | proficīscor (Caes.) | He set out into Gaul. · 갈리아로 출발했다. |
| nec frūctū opportūnō fruēbantur. | fruor + abl. (impf.) | Nor were they enjoying the timely fruit. · 시기적절한 과일을 즐기고 있지 않았다. |