Coniugātiō Tertia · Quārta · regō · capiō · audiō
The third conjugation is fundamentally different from the first two: its present stem ends in a consonant (not a long vowel), and the connecting vowel between stem and ending varies (-i-, -e-, or -u-) according to phonetic context.
Principal parts: regō, regere, rēxī, rēctum "rule". Note that the infinitive ending -ere has a short e (in contrast to 2nd-conj. -ēre with long ē). This is the surest diagnostic of 3rd conjugation.
A subset of third-conjugation verbs preserves an old -i- in the present stem (originally part of the verbal root) and behaves like the fourth conjugation in many forms — but retains the third-conjugation infinitive -ere. Principal parts of the type-verb: capiō, capere, cēpī, captum "seize". Members of this third -iō (or 3-iō) class include faciō, fugiō, iaciō, rapiō, sapiō, cupiō, pariō, quatiō, gradior (deponent), morior (deponent), patior (deponent).
The fourth conjugation has stem-vowel -ī- (long). Principal parts: audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum. The infinitive audīre (long ī) distinguishes it from 3rd capere (short e). Common members: aperiō (open), dormiō (sleep), fīniō (finish), mūniō (fortify), scīō (know), sentiō (feel), veniō (come), nesciō (not know), saliō (leap).
The diagnostic: examine the infinitive carefully — -āre = 1st; -ēre (long) = 2nd; -ere (short) = 3rd; -īre (long) = 4th. Combined with the 1sg.: 1sg in -iō + inf in -ere = 3-iō; 1sg in -iō + inf in -īre = 4th.
제3활용은 첫 두 활용과 근본적으로 다르다: 현재 어간이 자음(장모음 아님)으로 끝나고, 어간과 어미 사이의 연결 모음이 음운 환경에 따라 변한다 (-i-, -e-, -u-).
주요부: regō, regere, rēxī, rēctum(다스리다). 부정사 어미 -ere는 단음 e(2활용 -ēre 장음 ē와 대비)를 가짐. 이것이 3활용의 가장 확실한 진단이다.
제3활용의 한 하위 부류는 현재 어간에 옛 -i-(원래 동사 어근의 일부)를 보존하여 많은 형에서 제4활용처럼 행동하나 — 부정사는 제3활용의 -ere를 유지한다. 표준형의 주요부: capiō, capere, cēpī, captum(잡다). 이 제3-iō(3-iō) 부류의 회원: faciō·fugiō·iaciō·rapiō·sapiō·cupiō·pariō·quatiō·gradior(디포넌트)·morior(디포넌트)·patior(디포넌트).
제4활용은 어간 모음 -ī-(장음)을 가진다. 주요부: audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum. 부정사 audīre(장음 ī)가 제3 capere(단음 e)와 구별된다. 흔한 회원: aperiō(열다)·dormiō(자다)·fīniō(끝내다)·mūniō(성을 쌓다)·scīō(알다)·sentiō(느끼다)·veniō(오다)·nesciō(모르다)·saliō(뛰다).
진단법: 부정사를 신중히 본다 — -āre = 1활용; -ēre(장음) = 2활용; -ere(단음) = 3활용; -īre(장음) = 4활용. 1단수와 결합: 1단수 -iō + 부정사 -ere = 3-iō; 1단수 -iō + 부정사 -īre = 4활용.
| Person | Pres. | Imperf. | Fut. | Perf. | Plup. | Fut.Perf. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | regō | regēbam | regam | rēxī | rēxeram | rēxerō |
| 2 sg. | regis | regēbās | regēs | rēxistī | rēxerās | rēxeris |
| 3 sg. | regit | regēbat | reget | rēxit | rēxerat | rēxerit |
| 1 pl. | regimus | regēbāmus | regēmus | rēximus | rēxerāmus | rēxerimus |
| 2 pl. | regitis | regēbātis | regētis | rēxistis | rēxerātis | rēxeritis |
| 3 pl. | regunt | regēbant | regent | rēxērunt/-ēre | rēxerant | rēxerint |
| Person | Pres. | Imperf. | Fut. | Perf. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | regor | regēbar | regar | rēctus sum |
| 2 sg. | regeris/-re | regēbāris/-re | regēris/-re | rēctus es |
| 3 sg. | regitur | regēbātur | regētur | rēctus est |
| 1 pl. | regimur | regēbāmur | regēmur | rēctī sumus |
| 2 pl. | regiminī | regēbāminī | regēminī | rēctī estis |
| 3 pl. | reguntur | regēbantur | regentur | rēctī sunt |
| Person | Pres. | Impf. | Perf. | Plup. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | regam | regerem | rēxerim | rēxissem |
| 2 sg. | regās | regerēs | rēxerīs | rēxissēs |
| 3 sg. | regat | regeret | rēxerit | rēxisset |
| 1 pl. | regāmus | regerēmus | rēxerīmus | rēxissēmus |
| 2 pl. | regātis | regerētis | rēxerītis | rēxissētis |
| 3 pl. | regant | regerent | rēxerint | rēxissent |
| Person | Pres. | Impf. | Perf. | Plup. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | regar | regerer | rēctus sim | rēctus essem |
| 2 sg. | regāris | regerēris | rēctus sīs | rēctus essēs |
| 3 sg. | regātur | regerētur | rēctus sit | rēctus esset |
| 1 pl. | regāmur | regerēmur | rēctī sīmus | rēctī essēmus |
| 2 pl. | regāminī | regerēminī | rēctī sītis | rēctī essētis |
| 3 pl. | regantur | regerentur | rēctī sint | rēctī essent |
| Form | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Imper. 2sg./pl. | rege / regite | regere / regiminī |
| Inf. pres./perf./fut. | regere / rēxisse / rēctūrus esse | regī / rēctus esse / rēctum īrī |
| Part. pres./perf./fut. | regēns (pres.) / — / rēctūrus | — / rēctus / regendus |
| Gerund | regendī, regendō, regendum, regendō | |
| Supine | rēctum, rēctū | |
| Person | Pres. | Imperf. | Fut. | Perf. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | capiō | capiēbam | capiam | cēpī |
| 2 sg. | capis | capiēbās | capiēs | cēpistī |
| 3 sg. | capit | capiēbat | capiet | cēpit |
| 1 pl. | capimus | capiēbāmus | capiēmus | cēpimus |
| 2 pl. | capitis | capiēbātis | capiētis | cēpistis |
| 3 pl. | capiunt | capiēbant | capient | cēpērunt |
| Person | Pres. | Impf. | Perf. | Plup. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | capiam | caperem | cēperim | cēpissem |
| 2 sg. | capiās | caperēs | cēperīs | cēpissēs |
| 3 sg. | capiat | caperet | cēperit | cēpisset |
| 1 pl. | capiāmus | caperēmus | cēperīmus | cēpissēmus |
| 2 pl. | capiātis | caperētis | cēperītis | cēpissētis |
| 3 pl. | capiant | caperent | cēperint | cēpissent |
| Form | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Pres. ind. pass. 1sg./2sg./3sg. | — | capior, caperis/-re, capitur |
| Pres. ind. pass. 1pl./2pl./3pl. | — | capimur, capiminī, capiuntur |
| Imper. 2sg./pl. | cape / capite | capere / capiminī |
| Inf. pres./perf./fut. | capere / cēpisse / captūrus esse | capī / captus esse / captum īrī |
| Part. pres./perf./fut. | capiēns (pres.), captūrus (fut.) | captus (perf.), capiendus (gerundive) |
| Gerund | capiendī, capiendō, capiendum, capiendō | |
| Person | Pres. | Imperf. | Fut. | Perf. | Plup. | Fut.Perf. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | audiō | audiēbam | audiam | audīvī | audīveram | audīverō |
| 2 sg. | audīs | audiēbās | audiēs | audīvistī | audīverās | audīveris |
| 3 sg. | audit | audiēbat | audiet | audīvit | audīverat | audīverit |
| 1 pl. | audīmus | audiēbāmus | audiēmus | audīvimus | audīverāmus | audīverimus |
| 2 pl. | audītis | audiēbātis | audiētis | audīvistis | audīverātis | audīveritis |
| 3 pl. | audiunt | audiēbant | audient | audīvērunt | audīverant | audīverint |
| Person | Pres. | Impf. | Perf. | Plup. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | audiam | audīrem | audīverim | audīvissem |
| 2 sg. | audiās | audīrēs | audīverīs | audīvissēs |
| 3 sg. | audiat | audīret | audīverit | audīvisset |
| 1 pl. | audiāmus | audīrēmus | audīverīmus | audīvissēmus |
| 2 pl. | audiātis | audīrētis | audīverītis | audīvissētis |
| 3 pl. | audiant | audīrent | audīverint | audīvissent |
| Form | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Pres. ind. pass. | — | audior, audīris/-re, audītur, audīmur, audīminī, audiuntur |
| Imp. ind. pass. | — | audiēbar, audiēbāris... |
| Fut. ind. pass. 1sg./3sg. | — | audiar, audiētur |
| Imper. 2sg./pl. | audī / audīte | audīre / audīminī |
| Inf. pres./perf./fut. | audīre / audīvisse / audītūrus esse | audīrī / audītus esse / audītum īrī |
| Part. pres./perf./fut. | audiēns (pres.), audītūrus (fut.) | audītus (perf.), audiendus (gerundive) |
| Gerund | audiendī, audiendō, audiendum, audiendō | |
| Supine | audītum, audītū | |
| Form | I (amō) | II (moneō) | III (regō) | III-iō (capiō) | IV (audiō) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imper. 2sg. | amā | monē | rege | cape | audī |
| Imper. 2pl. | amāte | monēte | regite | capite | audīte |
| Imper. fut. 2sg. | amātō | monētō | regitō | capitō | audītō |
| Inf. pres. act. | amāre | monēre | regere | capere | audīre |
| Inf. pres. pass. | amārī | monērī | regī | capī | audīrī |
| Inf. perf. act. | amāvisse | monuisse | rēxisse | cēpisse | audīvisse |
| Inf. perf. pass. | amātus esse | monitus esse | rēctus esse | captus esse | audītus esse |
| Inf. fut. act. | amātūrus esse | monitūrus esse | rēctūrus esse | captūrus esse | audītūrus esse |
| Inf. fut. pass. | amātum īrī | monitum īrī | rēctum īrī | captum īrī | audītum īrī |
| Part. pres. act. | amāns | monēns | regēns | capiēns | audiēns |
| Part. perf. pass. | amātus | monitus | rēctus | captus | audītus |
| Part. fut. act. | amātūrus | monitūrus | rēctūrus | captūrus | audītūrus |
| Gerundive | amandus | monendus | regendus | capiendus | audiendus |
| Gerund (gen.) | amandī | monendī | regendī | capiendī | audiendī |
| Supine (acc./abl.) | amātum / amātū | monitum / monitū | rēctum / rēctū | captum / captū | audītum / audītū |
| Form | I (amō) | II (moneō) | III (regō) | III-iō (capiō) | IV (audiō) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pres. Ind. Act. | amō | moneō | regō | capiō | audiō |
| Imp. Ind. Act. | amābam | monēbam | regēbam | capiēbam | audiēbam |
| Fut. Ind. Act. | amābō | monēbō | regam | capiam | audiam |
| Perf. Ind. Act. | amāvī | monuī | rēxī | cēpī | audīvī |
| Plup. Ind. Act. | amāveram | monueram | rēxeram | cēperam | audīveram |
| Fut.-Perf. Ind. Act. | amāverō | monuerō | rēxerō | cēperō | audīverō |
| Pres. Ind. Pass. | amor | moneor | regor | capior | audior |
| Perf. Ind. Pass. | amātus sum | monitus sum | rēctus sum | captus sum | audītus sum |
| Pres. Subj. Act. | amem | moneam | regam | capiam | audiam |
| Imp. Subj. Act. | amārem | monērem | regerem | caperem | audīrem |
| Perf. Subj. Act. | amāverim | monuerim | rēxerim | cēperim | audīverim |
| Plup. Subj. Act. | amāvissem | monuissem | rēxissem | cēpissem | audīvissem |
| Pres. Subj. Pass. | amer | monear | regar | capiar | audiar |
| Perf. Subj. Pass. | amātus sim | monitus sim | rēctus sim | captus sim | audītus sim |
| Imper. 2sg. act. | amā | monē | rege | cape | audī |
| Inf. pres. act. | amāre | monēre | regere | capere | audīre |
| Inf. perf. act. | amāvisse | monuisse | rēxisse | cēpisse | audīvisse |
| Inf. fut. act. | amātūrus esse | monitūrus esse | rēctūrus esse | captūrus esse | audītūrus esse |
| Part. pres. act. | amāns | monēns | regēns | capiēns | audiēns |
| Part. perf. pass. | amātus | monitus | rēctus | captus | audītus |
| Part. fut. act. | amātūrus | monitūrus | rēctūrus | captūrus | audītūrus |
| Gerundive | amandus | monendus | regendus | capiendus | audiendus |
| Gerund (gen.) | amandī | monendī | regendī | capiendī | audiendī |
| Supine (acc./abl.) | amātum/-ū | monitum/-ū | rēctum/-ū | captum/-ū | audītum/-ū |