OPEN LEARNING · PORTAE · LATĪNA INDEX · LECTIŌ XVI
Caput XVI
LECTIŌ · XVI

Coniugātiō Prīma · Secunda · amō · moneō

제1·2 활용 — amō (사랑하다) · moneō (경고하다) · 완전 활용표
A&G §§ 171-180 · pp. 95-110
§§ 171-172
First Conjugation · Stem and Pattern
제1활용 — 어간과 표준형
English

The first conjugation (coniugātiō prīma) has its stem-vowel in -ā-. Principal parts: amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum "love". Three stems are derived:

Present stem (amā-): all present-system forms (pres., impf., fut. — both indicative and subjunctive — plus imperative and present infinitives).
Perfect stem (amāv-): all perfect-system active forms (perf., plup., fut.-perf., perf./plup. subjunctive, perf. infinitive active).
Participial stem (amāt-, from supine): the perfect passive participle, future active participle, and all forms compounded with these (perf./plup./fut.-perf. passive indicative; perf. passive subjunctive; future infinitive).

From these three stems plus the regular personal endings, the entire verb is generated. Memorizing the principal parts unlocks all 100+ forms.

The first conjugation is the most regular and the most populous (perhaps half of all Latin verbs). Nearly all denominative verbs (formed from nouns or adjectives) join it: laudō (praise) ← laus; nōminō (name) ← nōmen; līberō (free) ← līber; cūrō (care) ← cūra. New verbs entering Latin (from Greek, Gaulish, or new technologies) almost always join the 1st conjugation: graecissō "I speak Greek-style"; hellēnizō (← Greek hellēnízō).

Irregularities in 1st conjugation are very few: dō, dare, dedī, datum "give" has short a in present and irregular forms; stō, stāre, stetī, statum "stand" reduplicates the perfect.

한국어

제1활용 (coniugātiō prīma)은 어간 모음 -ā-를 가진다. 주요부: amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum(사랑하다). 세 어간이 도출된다:

현재 어간(amā-): 모든 현재 체계 형 (현재·미완료·미래 — 직설법과 접속법 모두 — 명령법과 현재 부정사들).
완료 어간(amāv-): 모든 완료 체계 능동 형 (완료·과거완료·미래완료, 완료/과거완료 접속법, 완료 능동 부정사).
분사 어간(amāt-, 목적분사로부터): 완료 수동 분사, 미래 능동 분사, 그리고 이들과 합성된 모든 형 (완료/과거완료/미래완료 수동 직설법; 완료 수동 접속법; 미래 부정사).

이 세 어간과 정규 인칭 어미만으로 동사 전체가 도출된다. 주요부를 외우면 100+ 형이 풀린다.

제1활용은 가장 정규적이고 가장 큰 부류 (라틴어 동사의 약 절반). 명사·형용사로부터 파생된 거의 모든 동사가 합류: laudō(찬미하다) ← laus; nōminō(이름하다) ← nōmen; līberō(해방하다) ← līber; cūrō(돌보다) ← cūra. 라틴어에 새로 들어오는 동사(그리스어·갈리아어·새 기술)는 거의 항상 제1활용으로: graecissō(그리스식으로 말한다); hellēnizō(그리스어 hellēnízō로부터).

제1활용의 변칙은 매우 적음: dō, dare, dedī, datum(주다)는 현재에 단음 a와 불규칙 형; stō, stāre, stetī, statum(서다)은 완료에 중복.

§ 173
★ amō · INDICATIVE ACTIVE · All Six Tenses
★ amō 직설 능동 · 6 시제 완전표
amō · Present-System Active Indicative
PersonPresentImperfectFuture
1 sg.amō "I love"amābam "I was loving"amābō "I shall love"
2 sg.amāsamābāsamābis
3 sg.amatamābatamābit
1 pl.amāmusamābāmusamābimus
2 pl.amātisamābātisamābitis
3 pl.amantamābantamābunt
amō · Perfect-System Active Indicative
PersonPerfectPluperfectFuture Perfect
1 sg.amāvī "I have loved / I loved"amāveram "I had loved"amāverō "I shall have loved"
2 sg.amāvistīamāverāsamāveris
3 sg.amāvitamāveratamāverit
1 pl.amāvimusamāverāmusamāverimus
2 pl.amāvistisamāverātisamāveritis
3 pl.amāvērunt / -ēreamāverantamāverint
Endings Active indicative endings (added to stem): pres. -ō, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt; impf. -bam, -bās, -bat, -bāmus, -bātis, -bant (added to amā-); fut. -bō, -bis, -bit, -bimus, -bitis, -bunt. Perf. system uses perfect stem + -ī, -istī, -it, -imus, -istis, -ērunt/-ēre (perf.); -eram, -erās... (plup.); -erō, -eris... (fut.-perf.). The 3rd plural perfect alternative -ēre (= -ērunt) is common in poetry and Livy.
어미 능동 직설 어미 (어간에 부착): 현재 -ō, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt; 미완료 -bam, -bās, -bat, -bāmus, -bātis, -bant(amā-에 부착); 미래 -bō, -bis, -bit, -bimus, -bitis, -bunt. 완료 체계는 완료 어간 + -ī, -istī, -it, -imus, -istis, -ērunt/-ēre(완료); -eram, -erās...(과거완료); -erō, -eris...(미래완료). 완료 3복수 대안 -ēre(= -ērunt)는 시·리비우스에 흔함.
§ 174
★ amō · INDICATIVE PASSIVE
★ amō 직설 수동 · 6 시제
amō · Present-System Passive Indicative
PersonPresentImperfectFuture
1 sg.amor "I am loved"amābar "I was being loved"amābor "I shall be loved"
2 sg.amāris / -reamābāris / -reamāberis / -re
3 sg.amāturamābāturamābitur
1 pl.amāmuramābāmuramābimur
2 pl.amāminīamābāminīamābiminī
3 pl.amanturamābanturamābuntur
amō · Perfect-System Passive Indicative (Periphrastic)
PersonPerfectPluperfectFuture Perfect
1 sg.amātus sum "I have been loved / I was loved"amātus eram "I had been loved"amātus erō "I shall have been loved"
2 sg.amātus esamātus erāsamātus eris
3 sg.amātus estamātus eratamātus erit
1 pl.amātī sumusamātī erāmusamātī erimus
2 pl.amātī estisamātī erātisamātī eritis
3 pl.amātī suntamātī erantamātī erunt
Note · Passive Endings Passive endings: pres. -or, -ris/-re, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur — replace active -ō, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt. The 2sg. has both -ris (older, formal) and -re (newer, common in classical) — they are interchangeable. The perfect-system passive is periphrastic: perfect passive participle (declined for gender/number agreeing with the subject) + form of sum. Tense of the auxiliary determines the tense of the whole: est → perfect, erat → pluperfect, erit → future-perfect.
주 · 수동 어미 수동 어미: 현재 -or, -ris/-re, -tur, -mur, -minī, -ntur — 능동 -ō, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt를 대체. 2단수는 -ris(오래된, 격식)와 -re(새로운, 고전기에 흔함) 둘 다 — 교환 가능. 완료 체계 수동은 우회적: 완료 수동 분사(주어와 성·수 일치) + sum의 활용형. 조동사의 시제가 전체 시제를 결정: est→완료, erat→과거완료, erit→미래완료.
§ 175
★ amō · SUBJUNCTIVE (Active & Passive)
★ amō 접속법 — 능동·수동
amō · Subjunctive Active
PersonPresentImperfectPerfectPluperfect
1 sg.amemamāremamāverimamāvissem
2 sg.amēsamārēsamāverīsamāvissēs
3 sg.ametamāretamāveritamāvisset
1 pl.amēmusamārēmusamāverīmusamāvissēmus
2 pl.amētisamārētisamāverītisamāvissētis
3 pl.amentamārentamāverintamāvissent
amō · Subjunctive Passive
PersonPresentImperfectPerfectPluperfect
1 sg.ameramāreramātus simamātus essem
2 sg.amērisamārērisamātus sīsamātus essēs
3 sg.amēturamārēturamātus sitamātus esset
1 pl.amēmuramārēmuramātī sīmusamātī essēmus
2 pl.amēminīamārēminīamātī sītisamātī essētis
3 pl.amenturamārenturamātī sintamātī essent
Mnemonic Present subjunctive marker: 1st conj. → -e- (amem); other conj. → -ā-. Imperfect subjunctive: present infinitive + endings (amāre + m → amārem, amārēs, amāret...). Perfect subjunctive (active): perfect stem + -erim, -erīs, -erit, -erīmus, -erītis, -erint. Pluperfect subjunctive: perfect stem + -issem, -issēs, -isset.... The perfect/pluperfect subjunctive passive uses participle + sim/essem. Note: 2sg. perf. subj. amāverīs has long ī; 2sg. fut.-perf. ind. amāveris has short i — they look similar but are distinct.
암기 요령 현재 접속 표지: 1활용 → -e-(amem); 다른 활용 → -ā-. 미완료 접속: 현재 부정사 + 어미(amāre + m → amārem, amārēs, amāret...). 완료 접속(능동): 완료 어간 + -erim, -erīs, -erit, -erīmus, -erītis, -erint. 과거완료 접속: 완료 어간 + -issem, -issēs, -isset.... 완료/과거완료 접속 수동은 분사 + sim/essem. 주의: 2단수 완료 접속 amāverīs는 장음 ī; 2단수 미래완료 직설 amāveris는 단음 i — 비슷해 보이나 구별됨.
§ 176
amō · Imperative · Infinitive · Participle · Gerund · Supine
amō 명령·부정사·분사·동명사·목적분사
amō · Imperative
PersonPresent ActivePresent PassiveFuture ActiveFuture Passive
2 sg.amā "love!"amāre "be loved!"amātō "thou shalt love"amātor "thou shalt be loved"
2 pl.amāte "love (you all)!"amāminīamātōte
3 sg.amātō "let him love"amātor
3 pl.amantōamantor
amō · Verbal Forms
FormActivePassiveGloss
Inf. pres.amāreamārīto love / be loved
Inf. perf.amāvisseamātus esseto have loved / been loved
Inf. fut.amātūrus esseamātum īrī (rare; often paraphrased)to be about to love / be loved
Part. pres. act.amāns, -antisloving
Part. perf. pass.amātus, -a, -um(having been) loved
Part. fut. act.amātūrus, -a, -umabout to love
Gerundive (fut. pass. ptcp.)amandus, -a, -umto be loved / requiring love
Gerundamandī (gen.), amandō (dat.), amandum (acc.), amandō (abl.)(of/for/at/by) loving
Supineamātum (acc., purpose), amātū (abl., respect)to love (purpose) / for loving
§ 177
moneō · Second Conjugation · Indicative
moneō (제2활용) — 직설법 완전표
English

The second conjugation has its stem-vowel in -ē- (long). Principal parts: moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum "warn, advise". Note that the 1st sg. moneō shows -eō, not alone — the stem-vowel is preserved.

Most verbs of this conjugation are stative ("to be in a state of") rather than dynamic in meaning: habeō (have), videō (see), doceō (teach), iaceō (lie), maneō (remain), sedeō (sit), terreō (frighten), iubeō (order). The perfect is variable across this conjugation: -uī (most common): moneō → monuī; -vī: dēleō → dēlēvī; vowel lengthening: moveō → mōvī; sigmatic: maneō → mānsī.

한국어

제2활용은 어간 모음 -ē-(장음)을 가진다. 주요부: moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum(경고하다·조언하다). 1인칭 단수 moneō-eō로 끝남에 주의 — 어간 모음이 보존된다.

이 활용 동사는 의미상 상태적("어떤 상태에 있다")인 경우가 많다: habeō(가지다)·videō(보다)·doceō(가르치다)·iaceō(누워 있다)·maneō(머무르다)·sedeō(앉아 있다)·terreō(겁주다)·iubeō(명령하다). 완료는 이 활용에서 다양: -uī(가장 흔함): moneō → monuī; -vī: dēleō → dēlēvī; 장모음화: moveō → mōvī; 시그마: maneō → mānsī.

moneō · Active Indicative
PersonPresentImperfectFuturePerfectPluperfectFuture Perfect
1 sg.moneōmonēbammonēbōmonuīmonuerammonuerō
2 sg.monēsmonēbāsmonēbismonuistīmonuerāsmonueris
3 sg.monetmonēbatmonēbitmonuitmonueratmonuerit
1 pl.monēmusmonēbāmusmonēbimusmonuimusmonuerāmusmonuerimus
2 pl.monētismonēbātismonēbitismonuistismonuerātismonueritis
3 pl.monentmonēbantmonēbuntmonuērunt/-ēremonuerantmonuerint
moneō · Passive Indicative
PersonPresentImperfectFuturePerfect
1 sg.moneormonēbarmonēbormonitus sum
2 sg.monēris/-remonēbāris/-remonēberis/-remonitus es
3 sg.monēturmonēbāturmonēbiturmonitus est
1 pl.monēmurmonēbāmurmonēbimurmonitī sumus
2 pl.monēminīmonēbāminīmonēbiminīmonitī estis
3 pl.monenturmonēbanturmonēbunturmonitī sunt
§ 178
moneō · Subjunctive · Imperative · Verbals
moneō 접속법·기타
moneō · Active Subjunctive
PersonPres.Impf.Perf.Plup.
1 sg.moneammonēremmonuerimmonuissem
2 sg.moneāsmonērēsmonuerīsmonuissēs
3 sg.moneatmonēretmonueritmonuisset
1 pl.moneāmusmonērēmusmonuerīmusmonuissēmus
2 pl.moneātismonērētismonuerītismonuissētis
3 pl.moneantmonērentmonuerintmonuissent
moneō · Imperative · Infinitives · Participles · Gerund · Supine
FormActivePassive
Imper. 2sg./pl.monē / monētemonēre / monēminī
Imper. fut.monētō, monētōte, monentōmonētor, monentor
Inf. pres.monēremonērī
Inf. perf.monuissemonitus esse
Inf. fut.monitūrus essemonitum īrī
Part. pres.monēns, -entis
Part. perf./fut.monitūrus (fut.)monitus (perf.) / monendus (gerundive)
Gerundmonendī, -ō, -um, -ō
Supinemonitum, monitū
§§ 179-180
Stem Variations · Perfect Formations · Synopsis
완료 어간 형성 패턴 · 종합 synopsis
English

While first-conjugation perfects are uniformly -āvī (amō → amāvī), second-conjugation perfects vary widely. Five common patterns:

(1) -uī — most common: moneō → monuī, habeō → habuī, doceō → docuī, tenēō → tenuī, terreō → terruī, iaceō → iacuī.
(2) -ēvī — long-stem: dēleō → dēlēvī, flēō → flēvī, nēō → nēvī.
(3) vowel lengthening: videō → vīdī, moveō → mōvī, sedeō → sēdī, caveō → cāvī, foveō → fōvī.
(4) reduplication: mordeō → momordī, spondeō → spopondī, tondeō → totondī.
(5) -sī (sigmatic, with consonant change): maneō → mānsī, iubeō → iussī, rīdeō → rīsī, suādeō → suāsī, ārdeō → ārsī.

The participial stem (supine slot) is similarly variable: monitum, doctum, vīsum, mōtum, sēsum, mānsum, iussum, rīsum. These must be memorized for each verb; the dictionary entry gives them.

한국어

제1활용 완료가 일률적으로 -āvī(amō → amāvī)인 반면, 제2활용 완료는 다양하다. 흔한 5 패턴:

(1) -uī — 가장 흔함: moneō → monuī·habeō → habuī·doceō → docuī·tenēō → tenuī·terreō → terruī·iaceō → iacuī.
(2) -ēvī — 장모음 어간: dēleō → dēlēvī·flēō → flēvī·nēō → nēvī.
(3) 모음 장음화: videō → vīdī·moveō → mōvī·sedeō → sēdī·caveō → cāvī·foveō → fōvī.
(4) 중복: mordeō → momordī·spondeō → spopondī·tondeō → totondī.
(5) -sī(시그마 — 자음 변형 동반): maneō → mānsī·iubeō → iussī·rīdeō → rīsī·suādeō → suāsī·ārdeō → ārsī.

분사 어간(목적분사 자리)도 마찬가지로 다양: monitum·doctum·vīsum·mōtum·sēsum·mānsum·iussum·rīsum. 각 동사별로 외워야 하며, 사전 표제어가 제시한다.

★ Synopsis · 1·2 Conjugation Master Table
Form / Tense / Mood / Voice1st (amō)2nd (moneō)
Pres. ind. act. 1sg.amōmoneō
Impf. ind. act. 1sg.amābammonēbam
Fut. ind. act. 1sg.amābōmonēbō
Perf. ind. act. 1sg.amāvīmonuī
Plup. ind. act. 1sg.amāverammonueram
Fut.-perf. ind. act. 1sg.amāverōmonuerō
Pres. ind. pass. 1sg.amormoneor
Perf. ind. pass. 1sg.amātus summonitus sum
Pres. subj. act. 1sg.amemmoneam
Impf. subj. act. 1sg.amāremmonērem
Perf. subj. act. 1sg.amāverimmonuerim
Plup. subj. act. 1sg.amāvissemmonuissem
Imper. 2sg./pl. act.amā / amātemonē / monēte
Inf. pres. act./pass.amāre / amārīmonēre / monērī
Inf. perf. act./pass.amāvisse / amātus essemonuisse / monitus esse
Inf. fut. act./pass.amātūrus esse / amātum īrīmonitūrus esse / monitum īrī
Part. pres. act.amānsmonēns
Part. perf. pass.amātusmonitus
Part. fut. act.amātūrusmonitūrus
Gerundiveamandusmonendus
Gerund (gen.)amandīmonendī
Supine (acc./abl.)amātum / amātūmonitum / monitū
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