Coniugātiō Prīma · Secunda · amō · moneō
The first conjugation (coniugātiō prīma) has its stem-vowel in -ā-. Principal parts: amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum "love". Three stems are derived:
• Present stem (amā-): all present-system forms (pres., impf., fut. — both indicative and subjunctive — plus imperative and present infinitives).
• Perfect stem (amāv-): all perfect-system active forms (perf., plup., fut.-perf., perf./plup. subjunctive, perf. infinitive active).
• Participial stem (amāt-, from supine): the perfect passive participle, future active participle, and all forms compounded with these (perf./plup./fut.-perf. passive indicative; perf. passive subjunctive; future infinitive).
From these three stems plus the regular personal endings, the entire verb is generated. Memorizing the principal parts unlocks all 100+ forms.
The first conjugation is the most regular and the most populous (perhaps half of all Latin verbs). Nearly all denominative verbs (formed from nouns or adjectives) join it: laudō (praise) ← laus; nōminō (name) ← nōmen; līberō (free) ← līber; cūrō (care) ← cūra. New verbs entering Latin (from Greek, Gaulish, or new technologies) almost always join the 1st conjugation: graecissō "I speak Greek-style"; hellēnizō (← Greek hellēnízō).
Irregularities in 1st conjugation are very few: dō, dare, dedī, datum "give" has short a in present and irregular forms; stō, stāre, stetī, statum "stand" reduplicates the perfect.
제1활용 (coniugātiō prīma)은 어간 모음 -ā-를 가진다. 주요부: amō, amāre, amāvī, amātum(사랑하다). 세 어간이 도출된다:
• 현재 어간(amā-): 모든 현재 체계 형 (현재·미완료·미래 — 직설법과 접속법 모두 — 명령법과 현재 부정사들).
• 완료 어간(amāv-): 모든 완료 체계 능동 형 (완료·과거완료·미래완료, 완료/과거완료 접속법, 완료 능동 부정사).
• 분사 어간(amāt-, 목적분사로부터): 완료 수동 분사, 미래 능동 분사, 그리고 이들과 합성된 모든 형 (완료/과거완료/미래완료 수동 직설법; 완료 수동 접속법; 미래 부정사).
이 세 어간과 정규 인칭 어미만으로 동사 전체가 도출된다. 주요부를 외우면 100+ 형이 풀린다.
제1활용은 가장 정규적이고 가장 큰 부류 (라틴어 동사의 약 절반). 명사·형용사로부터 파생된 거의 모든 동사가 합류: laudō(찬미하다) ← laus; nōminō(이름하다) ← nōmen; līberō(해방하다) ← līber; cūrō(돌보다) ← cūra. 라틴어에 새로 들어오는 동사(그리스어·갈리아어·새 기술)는 거의 항상 제1활용으로: graecissō(그리스식으로 말한다); hellēnizō(그리스어 hellēnízō로부터).
제1활용의 변칙은 매우 적음: dō, dare, dedī, datum(주다)는 현재에 단음 a와 불규칙 형; stō, stāre, stetī, statum(서다)은 완료에 중복.
| Person | Present | Imperfect | Future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | amō "I love" | amābam "I was loving" | amābō "I shall love" |
| 2 sg. | amās | amābās | amābis |
| 3 sg. | amat | amābat | amābit |
| 1 pl. | amāmus | amābāmus | amābimus |
| 2 pl. | amātis | amābātis | amābitis |
| 3 pl. | amant | amābant | amābunt |
| Person | Perfect | Pluperfect | Future Perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | amāvī "I have loved / I loved" | amāveram "I had loved" | amāverō "I shall have loved" |
| 2 sg. | amāvistī | amāverās | amāveris |
| 3 sg. | amāvit | amāverat | amāverit |
| 1 pl. | amāvimus | amāverāmus | amāverimus |
| 2 pl. | amāvistis | amāverātis | amāveritis |
| 3 pl. | amāvērunt / -ēre | amāverant | amāverint |
| Person | Present | Imperfect | Future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | amor "I am loved" | amābar "I was being loved" | amābor "I shall be loved" |
| 2 sg. | amāris / -re | amābāris / -re | amāberis / -re |
| 3 sg. | amātur | amābātur | amābitur |
| 1 pl. | amāmur | amābāmur | amābimur |
| 2 pl. | amāminī | amābāminī | amābiminī |
| 3 pl. | amantur | amābantur | amābuntur |
| Person | Perfect | Pluperfect | Future Perfect |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | amātus sum "I have been loved / I was loved" | amātus eram "I had been loved" | amātus erō "I shall have been loved" |
| 2 sg. | amātus es | amātus erās | amātus eris |
| 3 sg. | amātus est | amātus erat | amātus erit |
| 1 pl. | amātī sumus | amātī erāmus | amātī erimus |
| 2 pl. | amātī estis | amātī erātis | amātī eritis |
| 3 pl. | amātī sunt | amātī erant | amātī erunt |
| Person | Present | Imperfect | Perfect | Pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | amem | amārem | amāverim | amāvissem |
| 2 sg. | amēs | amārēs | amāverīs | amāvissēs |
| 3 sg. | amet | amāret | amāverit | amāvisset |
| 1 pl. | amēmus | amārēmus | amāverīmus | amāvissēmus |
| 2 pl. | amētis | amārētis | amāverītis | amāvissētis |
| 3 pl. | ament | amārent | amāverint | amāvissent |
| Person | Present | Imperfect | Perfect | Pluperfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | amer | amārer | amātus sim | amātus essem |
| 2 sg. | amēris | amārēris | amātus sīs | amātus essēs |
| 3 sg. | amētur | amārētur | amātus sit | amātus esset |
| 1 pl. | amēmur | amārēmur | amātī sīmus | amātī essēmus |
| 2 pl. | amēminī | amārēminī | amātī sītis | amātī essētis |
| 3 pl. | amentur | amārentur | amātī sint | amātī essent |
| Person | Present Active | Present Passive | Future Active | Future Passive |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 sg. | amā "love!" | amāre "be loved!" | amātō "thou shalt love" | amātor "thou shalt be loved" |
| 2 pl. | amāte "love (you all)!" | amāminī | amātōte | — |
| 3 sg. | — | — | amātō "let him love" | amātor |
| 3 pl. | — | — | amantō | amantor |
| Form | Active | Passive | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inf. pres. | amāre | amārī | to love / be loved |
| Inf. perf. | amāvisse | amātus esse | to have loved / been loved |
| Inf. fut. | amātūrus esse | amātum īrī (rare; often paraphrased) | to be about to love / be loved |
| Part. pres. act. | amāns, -antis | — | loving |
| Part. perf. pass. | — | amātus, -a, -um | (having been) loved |
| Part. fut. act. | amātūrus, -a, -um | — | about to love |
| Gerundive (fut. pass. ptcp.) | — | amandus, -a, -um | to be loved / requiring love |
| Gerund | amandī (gen.), amandō (dat.), amandum (acc.), amandō (abl.) | (of/for/at/by) loving | |
| Supine | amātum (acc., purpose), amātū (abl., respect) | to love (purpose) / for loving | |
The second conjugation has its stem-vowel in -ē- (long). Principal parts: moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum "warn, advise". Note that the 1st sg. moneō shows -eō, not -ō alone — the stem-vowel is preserved.
Most verbs of this conjugation are stative ("to be in a state of") rather than dynamic in meaning: habeō (have), videō (see), doceō (teach), iaceō (lie), maneō (remain), sedeō (sit), terreō (frighten), iubeō (order). The perfect is variable across this conjugation: -uī (most common): moneō → monuī; -vī: dēleō → dēlēvī; vowel lengthening: moveō → mōvī; sigmatic: maneō → mānsī.
제2활용은 어간 모음 -ē-(장음)을 가진다. 주요부: moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum(경고하다·조언하다). 1인칭 단수 moneō는 -eō로 끝남에 주의 — 어간 모음이 보존된다.
이 활용 동사는 의미상 상태적("어떤 상태에 있다")인 경우가 많다: habeō(가지다)·videō(보다)·doceō(가르치다)·iaceō(누워 있다)·maneō(머무르다)·sedeō(앉아 있다)·terreō(겁주다)·iubeō(명령하다). 완료는 이 활용에서 다양: -uī(가장 흔함): moneō → monuī; -vī: dēleō → dēlēvī; 장모음화: moveō → mōvī; 시그마: maneō → mānsī.
| Person | Present | Imperfect | Future | Perfect | Pluperfect | Future Perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | moneō | monēbam | monēbō | monuī | monueram | monuerō |
| 2 sg. | monēs | monēbās | monēbis | monuistī | monuerās | monueris |
| 3 sg. | monet | monēbat | monēbit | monuit | monuerat | monuerit |
| 1 pl. | monēmus | monēbāmus | monēbimus | monuimus | monuerāmus | monuerimus |
| 2 pl. | monētis | monēbātis | monēbitis | monuistis | monuerātis | monueritis |
| 3 pl. | monent | monēbant | monēbunt | monuērunt/-ēre | monuerant | monuerint |
| Person | Present | Imperfect | Future | Perfect |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | moneor | monēbar | monēbor | monitus sum |
| 2 sg. | monēris/-re | monēbāris/-re | monēberis/-re | monitus es |
| 3 sg. | monētur | monēbātur | monēbitur | monitus est |
| 1 pl. | monēmur | monēbāmur | monēbimur | monitī sumus |
| 2 pl. | monēminī | monēbāminī | monēbiminī | monitī estis |
| 3 pl. | monentur | monēbantur | monēbuntur | monitī sunt |
| Person | Pres. | Impf. | Perf. | Plup. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 sg. | moneam | monērem | monuerim | monuissem |
| 2 sg. | moneās | monērēs | monuerīs | monuissēs |
| 3 sg. | moneat | monēret | monuerit | monuisset |
| 1 pl. | moneāmus | monērēmus | monuerīmus | monuissēmus |
| 2 pl. | moneātis | monērētis | monuerītis | monuissētis |
| 3 pl. | moneant | monērent | monuerint | monuissent |
| Form | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Imper. 2sg./pl. | monē / monēte | monēre / monēminī |
| Imper. fut. | monētō, monētōte, monentō | monētor, monentor |
| Inf. pres. | monēre | monērī |
| Inf. perf. | monuisse | monitus esse |
| Inf. fut. | monitūrus esse | monitum īrī |
| Part. pres. | monēns, -entis | — |
| Part. perf./fut. | monitūrus (fut.) | monitus (perf.) / monendus (gerundive) |
| Gerund | monendī, -ō, -um, -ō | |
| Supine | monitum, monitū | |
While first-conjugation perfects are uniformly -āvī (amō → amāvī), second-conjugation perfects vary widely. Five common patterns:
(1) -uī — most common: moneō → monuī, habeō → habuī, doceō → docuī, tenēō → tenuī, terreō → terruī, iaceō → iacuī.
(2) -ēvī — long-stem: dēleō → dēlēvī, flēō → flēvī, nēō → nēvī.
(3) vowel lengthening: videō → vīdī, moveō → mōvī, sedeō → sēdī, caveō → cāvī, foveō → fōvī.
(4) reduplication: mordeō → momordī, spondeō → spopondī, tondeō → totondī.
(5) -sī (sigmatic, with consonant change): maneō → mānsī, iubeō → iussī, rīdeō → rīsī, suādeō → suāsī, ārdeō → ārsī.
The participial stem (supine slot) is similarly variable: monitum, doctum, vīsum, mōtum, sēsum, mānsum, iussum, rīsum. These must be memorized for each verb; the dictionary entry gives them.
제1활용 완료가 일률적으로 -āvī(amō → amāvī)인 반면, 제2활용 완료는 다양하다. 흔한 5 패턴:
(1) -uī — 가장 흔함: moneō → monuī·habeō → habuī·doceō → docuī·tenēō → tenuī·terreō → terruī·iaceō → iacuī.
(2) -ēvī — 장모음 어간: dēleō → dēlēvī·flēō → flēvī·nēō → nēvī.
(3) 모음 장음화: videō → vīdī·moveō → mōvī·sedeō → sēdī·caveō → cāvī·foveō → fōvī.
(4) 중복: mordeō → momordī·spondeō → spopondī·tondeō → totondī.
(5) -sī(시그마 — 자음 변형 동반): maneō → mānsī·iubeō → iussī·rīdeō → rīsī·suādeō → suāsī·ārdeō → ārsī.
분사 어간(목적분사 자리)도 마찬가지로 다양: monitum·doctum·vīsum·mōtum·sēsum·mānsum·iussum·rīsum. 각 동사별로 외워야 하며, 사전 표제어가 제시한다.
| Form / Tense / Mood / Voice | 1st (amō) | 2nd (moneō) |
|---|---|---|
| Pres. ind. act. 1sg. | amō | moneō |
| Impf. ind. act. 1sg. | amābam | monēbam |
| Fut. ind. act. 1sg. | amābō | monēbō |
| Perf. ind. act. 1sg. | amāvī | monuī |
| Plup. ind. act. 1sg. | amāveram | monueram |
| Fut.-perf. ind. act. 1sg. | amāverō | monuerō |
| Pres. ind. pass. 1sg. | amor | moneor |
| Perf. ind. pass. 1sg. | amātus sum | monitus sum |
| Pres. subj. act. 1sg. | amem | moneam |
| Impf. subj. act. 1sg. | amārem | monērem |
| Perf. subj. act. 1sg. | amāverim | monuerim |
| Plup. subj. act. 1sg. | amāvissem | monuissem |
| Imper. 2sg./pl. act. | amā / amāte | monē / monēte |
| Inf. pres. act./pass. | amāre / amārī | monēre / monērī |
| Inf. perf. act./pass. | amāvisse / amātus esse | monuisse / monitus esse |
| Inf. fut. act./pass. | amātūrus esse / amātum īrī | monitūrus esse / monitum īrī |
| Part. pres. act. | amāns | monēns |
| Part. perf. pass. | amātus | monitus |
| Part. fut. act. | amātūrus | monitūrus |
| Gerundive | amandus | monendus |
| Gerund (gen.) | amandī | monendī |
| Supine (acc./abl.) | amātum / amātū | monitum / monitū |