§10.2Ben-Porath 모형
Ben-Porath Model5 eq
(10.1)
Ben-Porath 평생효용
Ben-Porath Lifetime Utility
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\max \int_0^T e^{-(\rho+\nu)t}\, u(c(t))\, dt$$
Intuition
DRAFT — Ben-Porath 모형의 출발 — 사망률 ν 가 효과적 할인율 ρ+ν 를 만든다 (Yaari 9.31 반복).
3세 비유
DRAFT — 내가 60세까지 사는 동안 받는 즐거움의 합. 죽을 확률이 클수록 미래는 깎인다.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Yoram Ben-Porath (1967) | The Production of Human Capital and the Life Cycle of Earnings (JPE) | DRAFT — human capital production; canonical formulation. |
| Theodore Schultz (1961) | Investment in Human Capital (AER) | DRAFT — human capital concept founder. |
| Gary Becker (1964) | Human Capital | DRAFT — individual investment theory. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — Ben-Porath 모형의 출발 — 사망률 ν 가 효과적 할인율 ρ+ν 를 만든다 (Yaari 9.31 반복).
(10.2) ★
★ 인적자본 진화방정식
Human Capital Evolution
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\dot{h}(t) = G(t,\, h(t),\, s(t))$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ Ben-Porath production function — h(t) 가 schooling 시간 s(t) 와 자기자신 h(t) 의 함수로 진화. nondecreasing, concave 가정.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 공부 시간 s 와 현재 실력 h 가 합쳐져서 실력이 자란다.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Yoram Ben-Porath (1967) | The Production of Human Capital and the Life Cycle of Earnings (JPE) | DRAFT — human capital production; canonical formulation. |
| Theodore Schultz (1961) | Investment in Human Capital (AER) | DRAFT — human capital concept founder. |
| Gary Becker (1964) | Human Capital | DRAFT — individual investment theory. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ Ben-Porath production function — h(t) 가 schooling 시간 s(t) 와 자기자신 h(t) 의 함수로 진화
(10.3)
스콜링 시간 제약
Schooling Time Constraint
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$s(t) \in S(t) \subset [0,\, 1]$$
Intuition
DRAFT — schooling time 비율이 [0,1] 사이.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 공부에 쓰는 시간 비율은 0~100%.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Daron Acemoglu (2009) | Introduction to Modern Economic Growth (Ch.10) | DRAFT — 교과서 정리. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — schooling time 비율이 [0,1] 사이.
(10.4)
평생 임금 수익
Lifetime Wage Income
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$W(t) = w(t)\, [1-s(t)]\, [h(t) + \omega(t)]$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 임금 = w·(1-s)·(h+ω). 비-schooling 시간 (1-s) 만큼 일하고, 자신의 h 에 외부 보조 ω 더한 effective unit. (10.4 우변 적분 형태).
3세 비유
DRAFT — 한 사람이 생애 동안 번 돈 = 임금 × 일한 시간 × 실력.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Jacob Mincer (1974) | Schooling, Experience, and Earnings (NBER) | DRAFT — Mincerian wage equation. |
| Yoram Ben-Porath (1967) | The Production of Human Capital | DRAFT — underlying model. |
| David Card (1999) | The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings | DRAFT — modern empirics. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 임금 = w·(1-s)·(h+ω). 비-schooling 시간 (1-s) 만큼 일하고, 자신의 h 에 외부 보조 ω 더한 effective
(10.5) ★
★ Ben-Porath 분리정리
Ben-Porath Separation Theorem
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$[\hat c, \hat s, \hat h]^T \text{ jointly optimal} \Leftrightarrow [\hat s, \hat h] \text{ maximize } W \text{ alone}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ Theorem 10.1 — 효용극대화와 임금극대화가 분리된다. 자본시장이 완전하면 schooling 결정은 임금 PV 만 보면 된다 (BP separation).
3세 비유
DRAFT — 공부할지 결정할 때는 행복 따로, 돈 따로 계산해도 같다 (시장이 완전하면).
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Yoram Ben-Porath (1967) | The Production of Human Capital and the Life Cycle of Earnings (JPE) | DRAFT — human capital production; canonical formulation. |
| Theodore Schultz (1961) | Investment in Human Capital (AER) | DRAFT — human capital concept founder. |
| Gary Becker (1964) | Human Capital | DRAFT — individual investment theory. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ Theorem 10.1 — 효용극대화와 임금극대화가 분리된다. 자본시장이 완전하면 schooling 결정은 임금 PV 만 보면 된다 (BP
§10.3Mincer 임금식
Mincer Wage Equation7 eq
(10.6)
Linear h growth
Linear Human Capital Growth
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\dot{h}(t) = g_h\, h(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — Mincer 단순화 — h 는 g_h 비율로 자란다 (단순 growth).
3세 비유
DRAFT — 실력은 일정 속도로 자란다.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Jacob Mincer (1974) | Schooling, Experience, and Earnings (NBER) | DRAFT — Mincerian wage equation. |
| Yoram Ben-Porath (1967) | The Production of Human Capital | DRAFT — underlying model. |
| David Card (1999) | The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings | DRAFT — modern empirics. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — Mincer 단순화 — h 는 g_h 비율로 자란다 (단순 growth).
(10.7)
Linear w growth
Linear Wage Growth
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\dot{w}(t) = g_w\, w(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — 임금률은 g_w 비율로 자란다 (technology growth).
3세 비유
DRAFT — 임금도 일정 속도로 자란다.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Jacob Mincer (1974) | Schooling, Experience, and Earnings (NBER) | DRAFT — Mincerian wage equation. |
| Yoram Ben-Porath (1967) | The Production of Human Capital | DRAFT — underlying model. |
| David Card (1999) | The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings | DRAFT — modern empirics. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — 임금률은 g_w 비율로 자란다 (technology growth).
(10.8)
전이성 조건
Transversality Condition
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$g_w + g_h < r + \nu$$
Intuition
DRAFT — 임금성장률 합이 효과적 이자율보다 작아야 PV 가 유한.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 이자율보다 천천히 자라야 평생 수입이 무한대가 안 된다.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Jacob Mincer (1974) | Schooling, Experience, and Earnings (NBER) | DRAFT — Mincerian wage equation. |
| Yoram Ben-Porath (1967) | The Production of Human Capital | DRAFT — underlying model. |
| David Card (1999) | The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings | DRAFT — modern empirics. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — 임금성장률 합이 효과적 이자율보다 작아야 PV 가 유한.
(10.9) ★
★ 스콜링 PV 식
Schooling PV
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\max_S \eta(S)\, w(0)\, e^{-(r+\nu-g_w)S} \cdot \frac{1}{r+\nu - g_h - g_w}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ schooling S 년 후 진입 시 PV — η(S) 는 schooling 의 학습 함수.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 학교 다닐 때 미래 임금의 현재가치를 최대화하는 길이를 찾는다.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Jacob Mincer (1974) | Schooling, Experience, and Earnings (NBER) | DRAFT — Mincerian wage equation. |
| Yoram Ben-Porath (1967) | The Production of Human Capital | DRAFT — underlying model. |
| David Card (1999) | The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings | DRAFT — modern empirics. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ schooling S 년 후 진입 시 PV — η(S) 는 schooling 의 학습 함수.
(10.10) ★
★ Mincer FOC
Mincer First-Order Condition
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\frac{\eta'(S^*)}{\eta(S^*)} = r + \nu - g_w$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ Mincer 의 핵심 FOC — schooling 1년 추가의 marginal 학습률 = 효과적 할인율.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 한 해 더 다녀서 얻는 효율 = 그 해 임금 손실의 비용.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Jacob Mincer (1974) | Schooling, Experience, and Earnings (NBER) | DRAFT — Mincerian wage equation. |
| Yoram Ben-Porath (1967) | The Production of Human Capital | DRAFT — underlying model. |
| David Card (1999) | The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings | DRAFT — modern empirics. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ Mincer 의 핵심 FOC — schooling 1년 추가의 marginal 학습률 = 효과적 할인율.
(10.11) ★
★ ★ Mincer log-linear
Mincer Log-linear Form
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\log \eta(S^*) = \text{const} + (r+\nu - g_w)\, S^*$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ FOC 적분 → log η 는 S 에 선형. 이것이 Mincer 의 log wage = const + r·S + ... 의 미시기초.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 공부 1년 더 = 로그 임금 약 r% 상승.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Jacob Mincer (1974) | Schooling, Experience, and Earnings (NBER) | DRAFT — Mincerian wage equation. |
| Yoram Ben-Porath (1967) | The Production of Human Capital | DRAFT — underlying model. |
| David Card (1999) | The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings | DRAFT — modern empirics. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ FOC 적분 → log η 는 S 에 선형. 이것이 Mincer 의 log wage = const + r·S + ... 의 미시기초.
(10.12) ★
★ Mincer wage cross-section
Mincer Wage Cross-Section
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\log W(S^*,t) = \text{const} + (r+\nu-g_w)\, S^* + g_w\, t + g_h(t-S^*)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 횡단면 임금 식 — 학력 S, 시간 t, 경험 (t-S) 3변수 회귀.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 임금 = 상수 + 학력×r + 연도×g_w + 경력×g_h.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Jacob Mincer (1974) | Schooling, Experience, and Earnings (NBER) | DRAFT — Mincerian wage equation. |
| Yoram Ben-Porath (1967) | The Production of Human Capital | DRAFT — underlying model. |
| David Card (1999) | The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings | DRAFT — modern empirics. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ 횡단면 임금 식 — 학력 S, 시간 t, 경험 (t-S) 3변수 회귀.
§10.5연속시간 Ben-Porath
Continuous-time Ben-Porath7 eq
(10.13) ★
★ BP 인적자본 진화
BP Human Capital Evolution
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\dot{h}(t) = \varphi(s(t)\, h(t)) - \delta_h\, h(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ continuous BP — schooling 시간 × 자본 결합 (sh) 이 학습 input, δ_h 감가.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 공부 시간과 실력 곱이 학습 input 이고, 매년 일부 잊어버린다.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Yoram Ben-Porath (1967) | The Production of Human Capital and the Life Cycle of Earnings (JPE) | DRAFT — human capital production; canonical formulation. |
| Theodore Schultz (1961) | Investment in Human Capital (AER) | DRAFT — human capital concept founder. |
| Gary Becker (1964) | Human Capital | DRAFT — individual investment theory. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ continuous BP — schooling 시간 × 자본 결합 (sh) 이 학습 input, δ_h 감가.
(10.14) ★
★ Hamiltonian (BP)
Hamiltonian for BP
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$H(h,s,\mu) = (1-s(t))\, h(t) + \mu(t)[\varphi(s\, h) - \delta_h\, h]$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ Pontryagin Hamiltonian — control s, state h, costate μ.
3세 비유
DRAFT — Pontryagin 원리로 BP 를 풀기 위한 표.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Yoram Ben-Porath (1967) | The Production of Human Capital and the Life Cycle of Earnings (JPE) | DRAFT — human capital production; canonical formulation. |
| Theodore Schultz (1961) | Investment in Human Capital (AER) | DRAFT — human capital concept founder. |
| Gary Becker (1964) | Human Capital | DRAFT — individual investment theory. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ Pontryagin Hamiltonian — control s, state h, costate μ.
(10.15) ★
★ FOC: μφ' = 1
FOC Optimal Control
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$1 = \mu(t)\, \varphi'(x(t))$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 최적조건 — costate × marginal product = 1 (control 의 한계비용 = 한계편익).
3세 비유
DRAFT — 공부 1단위 추가의 미래가치 = 임금 1단위 상실.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Yoram Ben-Porath (1967) | The Production of Human Capital and the Life Cycle of Earnings (JPE) | DRAFT — human capital production; canonical formulation. |
| Theodore Schultz (1961) | Investment in Human Capital (AER) | DRAFT — human capital concept founder. |
| Gary Becker (1964) | Human Capital | DRAFT — individual investment theory. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ 최적조건 — costate × marginal product = 1 (control 의 한계비용 = 한계편익).
(10.16)
Costate dynamics
Costate Dynamics
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\frac{\dot{\mu}(t)}{\mu(t)} = r + \nu + \delta_h - \varphi'(x(t))$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 그림자가격의 진화 — 일반 OC 표현 (ch07.18).
3세 비유
DRAFT — 공부 1단위 가치가 시간에 따라 어떻게 변하는지.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Yoram Ben-Porath (1967) | The Production of Human Capital and the Life Cycle of Earnings (JPE) | DRAFT — human capital production; canonical formulation. |
| Theodore Schultz (1961) | Investment in Human Capital (AER) | DRAFT — human capital concept founder. |
| Gary Becker (1964) | Human Capital | DRAFT — individual investment theory. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 그림자가격의 진화 — 일반 OC 표현 (ch07.18).
(10.17) ★
★ BP steady-state x*
BP Steady-State x*
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$x^* = \varphi'^{-1}(r + \nu + \delta_h)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 정상상태 학습 input — modified golden rule 의 BP 형태.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 안정상태에서 공부량은 이자율+감가율로 결정된다.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Yoram Ben-Porath (1967) | The Production of Human Capital and the Life Cycle of Earnings (JPE) | DRAFT — human capital production; canonical formulation. |
| Theodore Schultz (1961) | Investment in Human Capital (AER) | DRAFT — human capital concept founder. |
| Gary Becker (1964) | Human Capital | DRAFT — individual investment theory. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ 정상상태 학습 input — modified golden rule 의 BP 형태.
(10.18)
BP steady-state h*
BP Steady-State h*
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$h^* = \frac{\varphi(x^*)}{\delta_h}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — 정상상태 인적자본 — input/감가 비율.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 안정상태 실력 = 학습량 ÷ 망각률.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Yoram Ben-Porath (1967) | The Production of Human Capital and the Life Cycle of Earnings (JPE) | DRAFT — human capital production; canonical formulation. |
| Theodore Schultz (1961) | Investment in Human Capital (AER) | DRAFT — human capital concept founder. |
| Gary Becker (1964) | Human Capital | DRAFT — individual investment theory. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — 정상상태 인적자본 — input/감가 비율.
(10.19) ★
★ BP transition path
BP Transition Path
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\frac{\dot{x}(t)}{x(t)} = \frac{1}{\varepsilon\, \varphi'(x(t))}\, (r+\nu+\delta_h - \varphi'(x(t)))$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ BP 학습 input 의 상승 경로 — saddle-path stable.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 공부량이 안정상태로 가는 길.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Yoram Ben-Porath (1967) | The Production of Human Capital and the Life Cycle of Earnings (JPE) | DRAFT — human capital production; canonical formulation. |
| Theodore Schultz (1961) | Investment in Human Capital (AER) | DRAFT — human capital concept founder. |
| Gary Becker (1964) | Human Capital | DRAFT — individual investment theory. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ BP 학습 input 의 상승 경로 — saddle-path stable.
§10.6두 부문 신고전 (Uzawa-Lucas)
Two-sector Neoclassical6 eq
(10.20)
Two-sector 평생효용
Two-sector Lifetime Utility
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\int_0^{\infty} e^{-\rho t}\, u(c(t))\, dt$$
Intuition
DRAFT — Uzawa-Lucas style 의 평생효용 — 무한기간 (sec 10.6).
3세 비유
DRAFT — 다음 50년의 행복의 합.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Hirofumi Uzawa (1965) | Optimum Technical Change (IER) | DRAFT — two-sector growth pioneer. |
| Robert Lucas (1988) | On the Mechanics of Economic Development (JME) | DRAFT — human capital externality engine. |
| Sergio Rebelo (1991) | Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth (JPE) | DRAFT — AK-style endogenous growth. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — Uzawa-Lucas style 의 평생효용 — 무한기간 (sec 10.6).
(10.21)
Physical capital evolution
Physical Capital Evolution
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\dot{k}(t) = i_k(t) - \delta_k\, k(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — 물적자본 동학 — 표준 신고전.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 기계가 매년 일부 망가지고 새로 사들인다.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Hirofumi Uzawa (1965) | Optimum Technical Change (IER) | DRAFT — two-sector growth pioneer. |
| Robert Lucas (1988) | On the Mechanics of Economic Development (JME) | DRAFT — human capital externality engine. |
| Sergio Rebelo (1991) | Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth (JPE) | DRAFT — AK-style endogenous growth. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — 물적자본 동학 — 표준 신고전.
(10.22)
Human capital evolution (2-sector)
Human Capital Evolution (2-sector)
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\dot{h}(t) = i_h(t) - \delta_h\, h(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — 인적자본 동학 — 물적자본과 대칭 형식 (Uzawa-Lucas).
3세 비유
DRAFT — 실력도 매년 일부 잊어버리고 공부로 채운다.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Hirofumi Uzawa (1965) | Optimum Technical Change (IER) | DRAFT — two-sector growth pioneer. |
| Robert Lucas (1988) | On the Mechanics of Economic Development (JME) | DRAFT — human capital externality engine. |
| Sergio Rebelo (1991) | Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth (JPE) | DRAFT — AK-style endogenous growth. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — 인적자본 동학 — 물적자본과 대칭 형식 (Uzawa-Lucas).
(10.23) ★
★ Resource constraint (2-sector)
Resource Constraint (2-sector)
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$c(t) + i_k(t) + i_h(t) \leq f(k(t),\, h(t))$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 2-부문 자원 제약 — 소비 + k투자 + h투자 ≤ 산출.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 벌어들인 것 = 먹고 + 공장 짓고 + 학교 가기.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Hirofumi Uzawa (1965) | Optimum Technical Change (IER) | DRAFT — two-sector growth pioneer. |
| Robert Lucas (1988) | On the Mechanics of Economic Development (JME) | DRAFT — human capital externality engine. |
| Sergio Rebelo (1991) | Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth (JPE) | DRAFT — AK-style endogenous growth. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ 2-부문 자원 제약 — 소비 + k투자 + h투자 ≤ 산출.
(10.24)
Hamiltonian (2-sector)
Hamiltonian (2-sector)
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$H = u(f(k,h) - i_h - i_k) + \mu_k(i_k - \delta_k k) + \mu_h(i_h - \delta_h h)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 2개 control, 2개 state, 2개 costate Hamiltonian.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 물자본·인자본 동시에 결정하는 표.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Hirofumi Uzawa (1965) | Optimum Technical Change (IER) | DRAFT — two-sector growth pioneer. |
| Robert Lucas (1988) | On the Mechanics of Economic Development (JME) | DRAFT — human capital externality engine. |
| Sergio Rebelo (1991) | Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth (JPE) | DRAFT — AK-style endogenous growth. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 2개 control, 2개 state, 2개 costate Hamiltonian.
(10.25) ★
★ K-H separation FOC
K-H Separation FOC
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$f_k(k,h) - f_h(k,h) = \delta_k - \delta_h$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 2-부문 균형 — 물적·인적 자본 한계산출 차이 = 감가율 차이.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 기계와 사람의 한계 가치 차이는 감가율 차이만큼.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Hirofumi Uzawa (1965) | Optimum Technical Change (IER) | DRAFT — two-sector growth pioneer. |
| Robert Lucas (1988) | On the Mechanics of Economic Development (JME) | DRAFT — human capital externality engine. |
| Sergio Rebelo (1991) | Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth (JPE) | DRAFT — AK-style endogenous growth. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ 2-부문 균형 — 물적·인적 자본 한계산출 차이 = 감가율 차이.
§10.8Loury OLG (이질적)
Loury OLG (Heterogeneous)12 eq
(10.27) ★
★ Loury 효용 (CES)
Loury Utility (CES form)
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\eta^{-\eta}(1-\eta)^{-(1-\eta)} c_i^{\eta}\, b_i^{1-\eta} - \gamma(e_i)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ Loury 1981 OLG — 자기 소비 c, 자녀 유산 b, 교육비 e.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 내가 먹고 + 자녀에게 물려주고 - 교육 비용.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Glenn Loury (1981) | Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings (Econometrica) | DRAFT — heterogeneous human capital + credit constraints. |
| Oded Galor & Joseph Zeira (1993) | Income Distribution and Macroeconomics (RES) | DRAFT — credit market imperfection → poverty trap. |
| Banerjee & Newman (1993) | Occupational Choice and the Process of Development (JPE) | DRAFT — complementary heterogeneous OLG. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ Loury 1981 OLG — 자기 소비 c, 자녀 유산 b, 교육비 e.
(10.28)
Loury 효용 (h, b)
Loury Utility (h-b form)
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\eta^{-\eta}(1-\eta)^{-(1-\eta)} c_i^{\eta}\, b_i^{1-\eta} - \gamma\, h_i^a$$
Intuition
DRAFT — Loury 변형 — 교육 비용이 자녀 인적자본 h_i^a 형태.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 교육비가 자녀 실력의 a제곱에 비례.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Glenn Loury (1981) | Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings (Econometrica) | DRAFT — heterogeneous human capital + credit constraints. |
| Oded Galor & Joseph Zeira (1993) | Income Distribution and Macroeconomics (RES) | DRAFT — credit market imperfection → poverty trap. |
| Banerjee & Newman (1993) | Occupational Choice and the Process of Development (JPE) | DRAFT — complementary heterogeneous OLG. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — Loury 변형 — 교육 비용이 자녀 인적자본 h_i^a 형태.
(10.29) ★
★ Budget constraint (Loury)
Loury Budget
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$c_i(t) + b_i(t) \leq m_i(t) = w(t)\, h_i(t) + R(t)\, b_i(t-1)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ Loury 가계예산 — 소득 = 임금×인적자본 + 부모 유산 R·b_{i,t-1}.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 내 소득 = 내 실력 × 임금 + 부모가 준 유산.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Glenn Loury (1981) | Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings (Econometrica) | DRAFT — heterogeneous human capital + credit constraints. |
| Oded Galor & Joseph Zeira (1993) | Income Distribution and Macroeconomics (RES) | DRAFT — credit market imperfection → poverty trap. |
| Banerjee & Newman (1993) | Occupational Choice and the Process of Development (JPE) | DRAFT — complementary heterogeneous OLG. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ Loury 가계예산 — 소득 = 임금×인적자본 + 부모 유산 R·b_{i,t-1}.
(10.30) ★
★ Aggregate Y, H, K (Loury)
Aggregate Y, H, K (Loury)
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$Y(t) = F(K,H);\ H = \int_0^1 h_i\, di,\ K = \int_0^1 b_{i,t-1}\, di$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 이질적 가계의 aggregation — 합산이 표준 Cobb-Douglas 와 일치.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 모든 사람의 실력과 유산을 합치면 국가 K, H 가 된다.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Glenn Loury (1981) | Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings (Econometrica) | DRAFT — heterogeneous human capital + credit constraints. |
| Oded Galor & Joseph Zeira (1993) | Income Distribution and Macroeconomics (RES) | DRAFT — credit market imperfection → poverty trap. |
| Banerjee & Newman (1993) | Occupational Choice and the Process of Development (JPE) | DRAFT — complementary heterogeneous OLG. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ 이질적 가계의 aggregation — 합산이 표준 Cobb-Douglas 와 일치.
(10.31)
Per-effective y
Per-Effective Output
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$y(t) = Y/H = f(\kappa),\ \kappa = K/H$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ K/H 비율 κ — Lucas 인적자본/물적자본 ratio.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 사람당 산출 = 사람당 자본의 함수.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Hirofumi Uzawa (1965) | Optimum Technical Change (IER) | DRAFT — two-sector growth pioneer. |
| Robert Lucas (1988) | On the Mechanics of Economic Development (JME) | DRAFT — human capital externality engine. |
| Sergio Rebelo (1991) | Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth (JPE) | DRAFT — AK-style endogenous growth. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ K/H 비율 κ — Lucas 인적자본/물적자본 ratio.
(10.32)
Factor prices (Loury)
Factor Prices (Loury)
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$R(t) = f'(\kappa(t)),\quad w(t) = f(\kappa) - \kappa\, f'(\kappa)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 한계산출 = 이자율, 임금 = 잉여 — 신고전 표준.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 이자율 = 자본 한계 산출, 임금 = 노동 한계 산출.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Hirofumi Uzawa (1965) | Optimum Technical Change (IER) | DRAFT — two-sector growth pioneer. |
| Robert Lucas (1988) | On the Mechanics of Economic Development (JME) | DRAFT — human capital externality engine. |
| Sergio Rebelo (1991) | Long-Run Policy Analysis and Long-Run Growth (JPE) | DRAFT — AK-style endogenous growth. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 한계산출 = 이자율, 임금 = 잉여 — 신고전 표준.
(10.33) ★
★ Loury optimal (c, b)
Loury Optimal (c, b)
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$c_i = \eta\, m_i,\quad b_i = (1-\eta)\, m_i$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ Loury 최적 — Cobb-Douglas 효용으로 일정 비율 분배.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 내 소득의 η 만큼 먹고, (1-η) 만큼 자녀에게 물려준다.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Glenn Loury (1981) | Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings (Econometrica) | DRAFT — heterogeneous human capital + credit constraints. |
| Oded Galor & Joseph Zeira (1993) | Income Distribution and Macroeconomics (RES) | DRAFT — credit market imperfection → poverty trap. |
| Banerjee & Newman (1993) | Occupational Choice and the Process of Development (JPE) | DRAFT — complementary heterogeneous OLG. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ Loury 최적 — Cobb-Douglas 효용으로 일정 비율 분배.
(10.34)
Reduced utility (m)
Reduced Utility
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$V_i = m_i - \gamma\, h_i^a$$
Intuition
DRAFT — 교육결정만 분리한 reduced form 효용.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 교육비를 빼면 남는 효용.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Glenn Loury (1981) | Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings (Econometrica) | DRAFT — heterogeneous human capital + credit constraints. |
| Oded Galor & Joseph Zeira (1993) | Income Distribution and Macroeconomics (RES) | DRAFT — credit market imperfection → poverty trap. |
| Banerjee & Newman (1993) | Occupational Choice and the Process of Development (JPE) | DRAFT — complementary heterogeneous OLG. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — 교육결정만 분리한 reduced form 효용.
(10.35) ★
★ Schooling FOC
Schooling FOC
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$a\, w(t) = \gamma'(h_i/a)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ schooling FOC — 임금 한계가치 = 비용 한계.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 공부 한 단위의 임금 효익 = 비용.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Glenn Loury (1981) | Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings (Econometrica) | DRAFT — heterogeneous human capital + credit constraints. |
| Oded Galor & Joseph Zeira (1993) | Income Distribution and Macroeconomics (RES) | DRAFT — credit market imperfection → poverty trap. |
| Banerjee & Newman (1993) | Occupational Choice and the Process of Development (JPE) | DRAFT — complementary heterogeneous OLG. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ schooling FOC — 임금 한계가치 = 비용 한계.
(10.36)
Equal h_i
Equal Human Capital
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$h_i(t) = h(t) = a\, [\gamma'^{-1}(a\, w(t))]$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 동일 능력 가정 시 모든 i 는 같은 h — Loury 의 representative case.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 모두가 똑같은 능력이면 모두 같은 실력.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Glenn Loury (1981) | Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings (Econometrica) | DRAFT — heterogeneous human capital + credit constraints. |
| Oded Galor & Joseph Zeira (1993) | Income Distribution and Macroeconomics (RES) | DRAFT — credit market imperfection → poverty trap. |
| Banerjee & Newman (1993) | Occupational Choice and the Process of Development (JPE) | DRAFT — complementary heterogeneous OLG. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 동일 능력 가정 시 모든 i 는 같은 h — Loury 의 representative case.
(10.37) ★
★ OLG dynamic equation
OLG Dynamic Equation
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\kappa(t+1)\, \gamma'^{-1}[a\, w(\kappa(t+1))] = (1-\eta)\, f(\kappa(t))\, \kappa(t)\, \gamma'^{-1}[a\, w(\kappa(t))]$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ Loury OLG 의 동학 — κ_{t+1} 의 implicit function.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 오늘 κ 가 내일 κ 를 결정.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Glenn Loury (1981) | Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings (Econometrica) | DRAFT — heterogeneous human capital + credit constraints. |
| Oded Galor & Joseph Zeira (1993) | Income Distribution and Macroeconomics (RES) | DRAFT — credit market imperfection → poverty trap. |
| Banerjee & Newman (1993) | Occupational Choice and the Process of Development (JPE) | DRAFT — complementary heterogeneous OLG. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ Loury OLG 의 동학 — κ_{t+1} 의 implicit function.
(10.38) ★
★ Steady-state κ*
Steady-State κ*
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\kappa^* = (1-\eta)\, f(\kappa^*)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ Loury steady-state — bequest rate (1-η) 가 자본 결정.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 안정상태 κ = 유산률 × 산출.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Glenn Loury (1981) | Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings (Econometrica) | DRAFT — heterogeneous human capital + credit constraints. |
| Oded Galor & Joseph Zeira (1993) | Income Distribution and Macroeconomics (RES) | DRAFT — credit market imperfection → poverty trap. |
| Banerjee & Newman (1993) | Occupational Choice and the Process of Development (JPE) | DRAFT — complementary heterogeneous OLG. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ Loury steady-state — bequest rate (1-η) 가 자본 결정.
§10.9능력 이질성 + 신용제약
Talent + Credit Constraint5 eq
(10.39)
Capital allocation
Capital Allocation
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\max\, (1-\lambda) \int_0^1 F(k_j, h_i)\, di - R\, k_j$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 자본가의 이윤극대화 — credit constraint λ.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 기업이 자본을 빌려서 사람을 고용해 이익 최대.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Glenn Loury (1981) | Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings (Econometrica) | DRAFT — heterogeneous human capital + credit constraints. |
| Oded Galor & Joseph Zeira (1993) | Income Distribution and Macroeconomics (RES) | DRAFT — credit market imperfection → poverty trap. |
| Banerjee & Newman (1993) | Occupational Choice and the Process of Development (JPE) | DRAFT — complementary heterogeneous OLG. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 자본가의 이윤극대화 — credit constraint λ.
(10.40)
Capital FOC (k)
Capital FOC (k)
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$(1-\lambda) \int_0^1 \frac{\partial F(\hat{k},\, \hat{h}_i(\hat{k}))}{\partial k}\, di = R^*$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 자본 한계산출 평균 = 이자율.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 자본 한계 가치 평균 = 이자율.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Glenn Loury (1981) | Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings (Econometrica) | DRAFT — heterogeneous human capital + credit constraints. |
| Oded Galor & Joseph Zeira (1993) | Income Distribution and Macroeconomics (RES) | DRAFT — credit market imperfection → poverty trap. |
| Banerjee & Newman (1993) | Occupational Choice and the Process of Development (JPE) | DRAFT — complementary heterogeneous OLG. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 자본 한계산출 평균 = 이자율.
(10.41) ★
★ Human capital FOC
Human Capital FOC
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\lambda\, a_i\, \frac{\partial F(\hat{k},\, \hat{h}_i(\hat{k}))}{\partial h} = \gamma'(\hat{h}_i/a_i)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 사람의 인적자본 결정 — λ × 한계 = 비용 한계 (talent a_i 가중).
3세 비유
DRAFT — 재능 a_i 가 큰 사람이 더 많이 공부.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Glenn Loury (1981) | Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings (Econometrica) | DRAFT — heterogeneous human capital + credit constraints. |
| Oded Galor & Joseph Zeira (1993) | Income Distribution and Macroeconomics (RES) | DRAFT — credit market imperfection → poverty trap. |
| Banerjee & Newman (1993) | Occupational Choice and the Process of Development (JPE) | DRAFT — complementary heterogeneous OLG. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ 사람의 인적자본 결정 — λ × 한계 = 비용 한계 (talent a_i 가중).
(10.42) ★
★ Talent-mixed FOC
Talent-Mixed FOC
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$(1-\lambda)[\chi\, F_k(\hat{k}, \hat{h}_1) + (1-\chi) F_k(\hat{k}, \hat{h}_2)] = R^*$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 2-talent mixture — χ 비율의 high-talent + (1-χ) low-talent.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 고능력과 저능력이 섞인 시장의 평균 이자율.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Glenn Loury (1981) | Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings (Econometrica) | DRAFT — heterogeneous human capital + credit constraints. |
| Oded Galor & Joseph Zeira (1993) | Income Distribution and Macroeconomics (RES) | DRAFT — credit market imperfection → poverty trap. |
| Banerjee & Newman (1993) | Occupational Choice and the Process of Development (JPE) | DRAFT — complementary heterogeneous OLG. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ 2-talent mixture — χ 비율의 high-talent + (1-χ) low-talent.
(10.43)
Talent-specific h FOC
Talent-Specific h FOC
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\lambda\, a_i\, F_h(\hat{k}, \hat{h}_i) = \gamma'(\hat{h}_i/a_i),\ i=1,2$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ talent 별 학력 결정 — high a → high h.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 능력 큰 사람은 더 많이 공부.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Glenn Loury (1981) | Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings (Econometrica) | DRAFT — heterogeneous human capital + credit constraints. |
| Oded Galor & Joseph Zeira (1993) | Income Distribution and Macroeconomics (RES) | DRAFT — credit market imperfection → poverty trap. |
| Banerjee & Newman (1993) | Occupational Choice and the Process of Development (JPE) | DRAFT — complementary heterogeneous OLG. |
Applications
- Mincer wage equation
- human capital growth
- schooling decisions
- Lucas 1988 endogenous growth
- Galor-Zeira poverty trap
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ talent 별 학력 결정 — high a → high h.