Acemoglu ch19 — RICH 프리뷰: 무역과 성장

Acemoglu (2009) Ch.19 — 61식
본 프리뷰의 위상 — open economy 의 NGM + Krugman 무역 + North-South. (19.1-19.6) open NGM. (19.7-19.13) Heckscher-Ohlin trade in factors. (19.17) world convergence — 모든 나라 동일 r. (19.20-19.39) Multi-country monopolistic competition. (19.25) gravity equation. (19.40) Pareto firm size. (19.48-19.61) North-South innovation/imitation Helpman 1993 — N_n/N_o = η/ι, wage gap closed form.
목차 · Contents (61식, 5 sections)
§19.1Open economy NGM
Open Economy NGM6 eq
(19.1) 두 국가 무역 — Heckscher-Ohlin baseline Two-Country Production (H-O) DRAFT vc-passed
$$Y_j(t) = F_j(K_j(t), L_j(t), A_j(t))$$
Intuition
★ 무역 모형의 출발 — 각 국가의 생산함수. j ∈ {Home, Foreign}. Heckscher-Ohlin factor proportion.
3세 비유
두 나라가 각각 자기 자본·노동·기술로 만든다.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Eli Heckscher · Bertil Ohlin (1919-1933)Heckscher-Ohlin theory
Paul Krugman (1979)Increasing returns trade theory
Applications
  • 국제무역 standard model
  • Krugman new trade theory
Civilizational Relevance
★ 국제무역 분석의 baseline.
(19.2) Open NGM ODE Open NGM ODE DRAFT vc-passed
$$\dot k_j(t) = f(k_j(t)) - \tilde c_j(t) + b_j(t) - (n+g+\delta)\, k_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ open economy NGM (b_j = 무역수지).
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ open economy NGM (b_j = 무역수지).
Genealogy
인물저작note
Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933)Interregional and International TradeDRAFT — factor proportions theory.
Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941)Protection and Real WagesDRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem.
Frenkel & Razin (1996)Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World EconomyDRAFT — open economy macro 표준.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ open economy NGM (b_j = 무역수지).
(19.3) ★ Asset evolution Asset Evolution DRAFT vc-passed
$$\dot A_j(t) = r(t)\, A_j(t) - B_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ open economy 의 자산 동학.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ open economy 의 자산 동학.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933)Interregional and International TradeDRAFT — factor proportions theory.
Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941)Protection and Real WagesDRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem.
Frenkel & Razin (1996)Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World EconomyDRAFT — open economy macro 표준.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ open economy 의 자산 동학.
(19.4) Per-capita asset Per-capita Asset DRAFT vc-passed
$$\dot a_j(t) = (r(t) - g - n)\, a_j(t) - b_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 1인당 자산.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ 1인당 자산.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933)Interregional and International TradeDRAFT — factor proportions theory.
Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941)Protection and Real WagesDRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem.
Frenkel & Razin (1996)Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World EconomyDRAFT — open economy macro 표준.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 1인당 자산.
(19.5) Free trade equilibrium Free Trade Equilibrium Condition DRAFT vc-passed
$$p_H(t)\, MP_{L,H}(t) = p_F(t)\, MP_{L,F}(t)$$
Intuition
자유 무역 균형: 두 나라 노동의 가격 × 한계생산 동등. Factor price equalization.
3세 비유
무역이 자유로우면 두 나라 노동자가 같은 가치 받는다 (효율성 보정 후).
Genealogy
인물저작note
Samuelson (1949)Factor price equalization theorem
Applications
  • WTO trade analysis
  • global value chains
Civilizational Relevance
글로벌 임금 격차 의 economics theoretical limit.
(19.6) Trade balance closure Trade Balance Closure DRAFT vc-passed
$$\sum_{j=1}^{J} A_j\, b_j(t) = 0$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ ★ 세계 무역수지 합 = 0.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ ★ 세계 무역수지 합 = 0.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933)Interregional and International TradeDRAFT — factor proportions theory.
Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941)Protection and Real WagesDRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem.
Frenkel & Razin (1996)Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World EconomyDRAFT — open economy macro 표준.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ ★ 세계 무역수지 합 = 0.
§19.2Heckscher-Ohlin trade in factors
Heckscher-Ohlin Trade in Factors7 eq
(19.7) Trade in factors Y_j Trade in Factors Y_j DRAFT vc-passed
$$Y_j(t) = F(X^K_j(t), X^L_j(t))$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ Y = 함수(자본, 노동) 양국 input.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ Y = 함수(자본, 노동) 양국 input.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933)Interregional and International TradeDRAFT — factor proportions theory.
Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941)Protection and Real WagesDRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem.
Frenkel & Razin (1996)Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World EconomyDRAFT — open economy macro 표준.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ Y = 함수(자본, 노동) 양국 input.
(19.8) Y^L_j Y^L_j DRAFT vc-passed
$$Y^L_j(t) = A_j\, L_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — 노동 부문.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 노동 부문.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933)Interregional and International TradeDRAFT — factor proportions theory.
Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941)Protection and Real WagesDRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem.
Frenkel & Razin (1996)Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World EconomyDRAFT — open economy macro 표준.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — 노동 부문.
(19.9) Y^K_j Y^K_j DRAFT vc-passed
$$Y^K_j(t) = K_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — 자본 부문.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 자본 부문.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933)Interregional and International TradeDRAFT — factor proportions theory.
Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941)Protection and Real WagesDRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem.
Frenkel & Razin (1996)Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World EconomyDRAFT — open economy macro 표준.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — 자본 부문.
(19.10) Specialization — comparative advantage Specialization (Comparative Advantage) DRAFT vc-passed
$$\frac{a_{Lj}}{a_{Hj}} > \frac{a_{Lk}}{a_{Hk}} \Rightarrow j \text{ specializes in } L\text{-good}$$
Intuition
★ Ricardo 1817 의 정전. 비교우위 의 수학. 한 국가가 한 재화에서 상대 효율 우위 → 그 재화 특화.
3세 비유
두 나라 중 한 나라가 어떤 일에 "상대적으로" 더 잘하면 그 일을 한다.
Genealogy
인물저작note
David Ricardo (1817)On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
Eli Heckscher · Bertil Ohlin (1919-1933)Factor proportion theory
Applications
  • 국제무역 정책 분석
  • 한국 반도체 specialization 설명
Civilizational Relevance
★ 200년 된 economics 정전. 글로벌 분업 의 수학.
(19.11) Trade balance (KL) Trade Balance (KL) DRAFT vc-passed
$$p_K(t)\, [X^K_j - Y^K_j] + p_L(t)\, [X^L_j - Y^L_j] = 0$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 양 부문 무역수지.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ 양 부문 무역수지.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933)Interregional and International TradeDRAFT — factor proportions theory.
Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941)Protection and Real WagesDRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem.
Frenkel & Razin (1996)Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World EconomyDRAFT — open economy macro 표준.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 양 부문 무역수지.
(19.12) K dynamics K Dynamics DRAFT vc-passed
$$\dot K_j(t) = F(X^K_j, X^L_j) - \delta\, K_j(t) - C_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — K 동학.
3세 비유
DRAFT — K 동학.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933)Interregional and International TradeDRAFT — factor proportions theory.
Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941)Protection and Real WagesDRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem.
Frenkel & Razin (1996)Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World EconomyDRAFT — open economy macro 표준.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — K 동학.
(19.13) ★ World market clearing ★ World Market Clearing DRAFT vc-passed
$$\sum_j X^L_j(t) = \sum_j Y^L_j(t),\ \sum_j X^K_j(t) = \sum_j Y^K_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 세계 시장 청산.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ 세계 시장 청산.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933)Interregional and International TradeDRAFT — factor proportions theory.
Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941)Protection and Real WagesDRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem.
Frenkel & Razin (1996)Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World EconomyDRAFT — open economy macro 표준.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 세계 시장 청산.
§19.3Open NGM with capital trade
Open NGM with Capital Trade6 eq
(19.14) Trade NGM utility Trade NGM Utility DRAFT vc-passed
$$U_j = \int_0^{\infty} e^{-(\rho-n) t}\, \frac{c_j(t)^{1-\theta} - 1}{1-\theta}\, dt$$
Intuition
DRAFT — open economy CRRA.
3세 비유
DRAFT — open economy CRRA.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933)Interregional and International TradeDRAFT — factor proportions theory.
Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941)Protection and Real WagesDRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem.
Frenkel & Razin (1996)Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World EconomyDRAFT — open economy macro 표준.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — open economy CRRA.
(19.15) Trade-induced growth ODE Trade-Induced Growth ODE DRAFT vc-passed
$$\dot A_j(t) = \sigma_j\, T_j(t) + \lambda_j A_j(t)$$
Intuition
★ 무역 강도 T_j(t) 가 기술 진보율에 영향. ch18 (18.3) 의 trade variant — OU process 의 trade-induced 형식.
3세 비유
무역을 많이 하는 나라는 기술이 빨리 늘어난다 — 무역 강도에 비례.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Krugman (1991)Geography and Trade
Acemoglu et al. (2007)Trade-induced technical change
Applications
  • 한국 1965-1995 export-led growth 분석
  • China WTO 가입 후 tech catch-up
Civilizational Relevance
★ '무역이 성장 동력' 의 macro 표현.
(19.16) x_j definition x_j Definition DRAFT vc-passed
$$x_j(t) \equiv \frac{X^K_j(t)}{X^L_j(t)},\ Y_j = X^L_j\, f(x_j)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 자본/노동 비율.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ 자본/노동 비율.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933)Interregional and International TradeDRAFT — factor proportions theory.
Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941)Protection and Real WagesDRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem.
Frenkel & Razin (1996)Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World EconomyDRAFT — open economy macro 표준.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 자본/노동 비율.
(19.17) ★ ★ ★ World convergence ★ ★ World Convergence DRAFT vc-passed
$$f'(x^*_j) = f'(k^*_A) = \rho + \delta\quad \forall j$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ ★ ★ open economy 의 정적 결과 — 모든 나라 동일 capital/effective ratio.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ ★ ★ open economy 의 정적 결과 — 모든 나라 동일 capital/effe
Genealogy
인물저작note
Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933)Interregional and International TradeDRAFT — factor proportions theory.
Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941)Protection and Real WagesDRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem.
Frenkel & Razin (1996)Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World EconomyDRAFT — open economy macro 표준.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ ★ ★ open economy 의 정적 결과 — 모든 나라 동일 capital/effective ratio.
(19.18) ★ x* definition x* Definition DRAFT vc-passed
$$x^*_j = x^* = \frac{\sum_j K_j(t)}{L(t) \sum_j A_j},\ k^* = \frac{\sum_j K_j(t)}{J\, L(t)}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ aggregate x*.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ aggregate x*.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933)Interregional and International TradeDRAFT — factor proportions theory.
Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941)Protection and Real WagesDRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem.
Frenkel & Razin (1996)Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World EconomyDRAFT — open economy macro 표준.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ aggregate x*.
(19.19) p_K* = ρ+δ p_K* = ρ+δ DRAFT vc-passed
$$p_K^* = \rho + \delta$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 자본 가격 = 효과적 이자율.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ 자본 가격 = 효과적 이자율.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933)Interregional and International TradeDRAFT — factor proportions theory.
Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941)Protection and Real WagesDRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem.
Frenkel & Razin (1996)Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World EconomyDRAFT — open economy macro 표준.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 자본 가격 = 효과적 이자율.
§19.4Multi-country monopolistic competition
Multi-country Monopolistic Competition21 eq
(19.20) Multi-country log utility Multi-country Log Utility DRAFT vc-passed
$$\int_0^{\infty} e^{-\rho_j t}\, \log C_j(t)\, dt$$
Intuition
DRAFT — trade log utility.
3세 비유
DRAFT — trade log utility.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — trade log utility.
(19.21) Multi-country budget Multi-country Budget DRAFT vc-passed
$$p_I^j(t)\, \dot K_j(t) + p_C^j(t)\, C_j(t) = Y_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ I-good / C-good 분리 budget.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ I-good / C-good 분리 budget.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ I-good / C-good 분리 budget.
(19.22) Variety conservation Variety Conservation DRAFT vc-passed
$$\sum_{j=1}^{J} \mu_j = N$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ variety 합산.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ variety 합산.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ variety 합산.
(19.23) Variety price = rate Variety Price = Rate DRAFT vc-passed
$$p_j(t) = r_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ variety 가격 = 자본 임대료.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ variety 가격 = 자본 임대료.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ variety 가격 = 자본 임대료.
(19.24) ★ ★ ★ Multi-country C_j (CES) ★ ★ Multi-country C_j (CES) DRAFT vc-passed
$$C_j(t) = \chi\, K^C_j(t)^{1-\tau}\, \int_0^N x^C_j(t, \nu)^{(\varepsilon-1)/\varepsilon}\, d\nu$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ ★ CES multi-country.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ ★ CES multi-country.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ ★ CES multi-country.
(19.25) Krugman gravity equation Gravity Equation (Trade Flows) DRAFT vc-passed
$$T_{ij} = G\, \frac{Y_i\, Y_j}{D_{ij}^{\theta}}$$
Intuition
★★ 무역 흐름 = (두 국가 GDP 곱) / (거리^θ). Newton 의 만유인력 (F = GMm/r²) 와 algebraic 동형 — Mirowski case 의 직접 example.
3세 비유
두 나라 무역량 = 두 나라 경제 크기 곱 / 거리² — 중력처럼.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Isaac Newton (1687)Principia (universal gravitation)
Jan Tinbergen (1962)Shaping the World Economy★ Tinbergen 1962 가 무역에 gravity equation 도입 — Mirowski 핵심 example.
James Anderson (1979)Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation
Applications
  • 국제무역 empirical work standard
  • EU 단일시장 effect 측정
  • 한국-중국-일본 무역 flow
Civilizational Relevance
★★★ Mirowski (1989) 의 가장 잘 알려진 example. Newton 1687 → Tinbergen 1962 직접 차용. **Acemoglu 가 Tinbergen 인용 안 함** — structural import.
(19.26) Capital allocation Capital Allocation DRAFT vc-passed
$$K^C_j(t) + K^I_j(t) + K^{\mu}_j(t) \leq K_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — K 배분.
3세 비유
DRAFT — K 배분.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — K 배분.
(19.27) B_C demand B_C Demand DRAFT vc-passed
$$B^C_j(r_j, [p(\nu)]) = r_j^{1-\tau}\, \int_0^N p(t, \nu)^{1-\varepsilon}\, d\nu$$
Intuition
DRAFT — C-good demand.
3세 비유
DRAFT — C-good demand.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — C-good demand.
(19.28) B_I demand B_I Demand DRAFT vc-passed
$$B^I_j(r_j, [p(\nu)]) = \zeta_j\, r_j^{1-\tau}\, \int_0^N p(t, \nu)^{1-\varepsilon}\, d\nu$$
Intuition
DRAFT — I-good demand.
3세 비유
DRAFT — I-good demand.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — I-good demand.
(19.29) ★ Inflation arbitrage Inflation Arbitrage DRAFT vc-passed
$$r_j(t) + \frac{\dot p^I_j}{p^I_j} - \frac{\dot p^C_j}{p^C_j} = \rho_j + \frac{\dot C_j}{C_j}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ trade Fisher.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ trade Fisher.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ trade Fisher.
(19.30) Trade TVC Trade TVC DRAFT vc-passed
$$\lim_{t\to\infty} e^{-\rho_j t}\, \frac{p^I_j(t)\, K_j(t)}{p^C_j(t)\, C_j(t)} = 0$$
Intuition
DRAFT — TVC.
3세 비유
DRAFT — TVC.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — TVC.
(19.31) ★ ★ p_C C = ρ p_I K ★ p_C C = ρ p_I K DRAFT vc-passed
$$p^C_j(t)\, C_j(t) = \rho_j\, p^I_j(t)\, K_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 정상 비율.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ 정상 비율.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ 정상 비율.
(19.32) Price index normalize Price Index Normalize DRAFT vc-passed
$$\left(\int_0^N p(t, \nu)^{1-\varepsilon}\, d\nu\right)^{1/(1-\varepsilon)} = 1$$
Intuition
DRAFT — DS price index = 1.
3세 비유
DRAFT — DS price index = 1.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — DS price index = 1.
(19.33) ★ Price formulas Price Formulas DRAFT vc-passed
$$p^C_j(t) = r_j(t)^{1-\tau},\ p^I_j(t) = \zeta_j\, r_j(t)^{1-\tau}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 가격 closed form.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ 가격 closed form.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 가격 closed form.
(19.34) Y_j formula Y_j Formula DRAFT vc-passed
$$Y_j(t) = \mu_j\, r_j(t)^{1-\varepsilon}\, Y(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ Y_j share.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ Y_j share.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ Y_j share.
(19.35) ★ ★ K growth K Growth DRAFT vc-passed
$$\frac{\dot K_j}{K_j} = \frac{r_j(t)^{\tau}}{\zeta_j} - \rho_j$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ K 성장률.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ K 성장률.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ K 성장률.
(19.36) Income identity Income Identity DRAFT vc-passed
$$r_j(t)\, K_j(t) = \mu_j\, r_j(t)^{1-\varepsilon}\, \sum_{i=1}^{J} r_i(t)\, K_i(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ income share.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ income share.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ income share.
(19.37) ★ K and Y BGP equal ★ K and Y BGP Equal DRAFT vc-passed
$$\frac{\dot K_j}{K_j} = \frac{\dot Y_j}{Y_j} = g^*$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ Proposition 19.10.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ Proposition 19.10.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ Proposition 19.10.
(19.38) ★ ★ ★ BGP equilibrium ★ ★ BGP Equilibrium DRAFT vc-passed
$$\sum_{j=1}^{J} \mu_j\, [\zeta_j(\rho_j + g^*)]^{(1-\varepsilon)/\tau} = 1$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ ★ multi-country BGP.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ ★ multi-country BGP.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ ★ multi-country BGP.
(19.39) ★ r* and p* ★ r* and p* DRAFT vc-passed
$$r^*_j = p^*_j = [\zeta_j(\rho_j + g^*)]^{1/\tau}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 균형 가격.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ 균형 가격.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 균형 가격.
(19.41) Y_j formula closed Y_j Formula Closed DRAFT vc-passed
$$y^*_j = A_j\, s_j\, (g^*)^{\alpha/(1-\alpha)}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ firm output closed.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ firm output closed.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ firm output closed.
§19.5North-South innovation/imitation
North-South Innovation/Imitation21 eq
(19.40) World income distribution (Pareto) World Income Distribution (Pareto) DRAFT vc-passed
$$\Pr(y > y_0) = \left(\frac{y_0}{y_{\min}}\right)^{-\alpha}$$
Intuition
★ 글로벌 소득 분포의 power law (Pareto). α 는 inequality parameter. 높을수록 평등.
3세 비유
전 세계 부 분포가 power law — '소수가 대부분 가짐' 의 수학.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Vilfredo Pareto (1896)Cours d'économie politique
Benoit Mandelbrot (1963)Stable distributions in income
Applications
  • Piketty 2014 Capital in 21st Century
  • 한국 income inequality 측정
Civilizational Relevance
★ 100년 된 macro inequality framework. Piketty 와 함께 21세기 inequality 토론 anchor.
(19.42) Trade B with labor Trade B with Labor DRAFT vc-passed
$$B^C_j(w_j, r_j, [p(\nu)]) = w_j^{(1-\tau)(1-\gamma)}\, \cdots$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ labor-augmented trade demand.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ labor-augmented trade demand.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ labor-augmented trade demand.
(19.43) ★ p_C C as ρ p_I K p_C C as ρ p_I K DRAFT vc-passed
$$p^C_j(t)\, C_j(t) = \rho_j\, p^I_j(t)\, K_j(t) + \int_t^{\infty} \exp\!\left(-\int_t^z (r_j + \dot p^I_j/p^I_j - \rho_j)\right)\, dz \cdot w_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ wage 추가.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ wage 추가.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ wage 추가.
(19.44) Wage demand share Wage Demand Share DRAFT vc-passed
$$(1-\gamma)(1-\tau)\ \text{of consumption expenditure on goods}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — share fraction.
3세 비유
DRAFT — share fraction.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — share fraction.
(19.45) ★ ★ p_C C = ρ/(1-(1-γ)(1-τ)) p_I K ★ p_C C = ρ/(1-(1-γ)(1-τ)) p_I K DRAFT vc-passed
$$p^C_j(t)\, C_j(t) = \frac{\rho_j}{1 - (1-\gamma)(1-\tau)}\, p^I_j(t)\, K_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ wage included consumption.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ wage included consumption.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ wage included consumption.
(19.46) ★ K + W income K + W Income DRAFT vc-passed
$$r_j(t)\, K_j(t) + w_j(t) = \mu_j\, r_j(t)^{1-\varepsilon}\, \sum_i [r_i(t) K_i(t) + w_i(t)]$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ Proposition 19.11.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ Proposition 19.11.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ Proposition 19.11.
(19.47) ★ Wage share Wage Share DRAFT vc-passed
$$\frac{w_j(t)}{r_j(t) K_j(t) + w_j(t)} = \frac{(1-\gamma)(1-\tau) \rho_j}{[\gamma + (1-\gamma)\tau]\, \zeta_j}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ wage 비율.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ wage 비율.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Paul Krugman (1980)Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER)DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전.
Krugman & Venables (1995)Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE)DRAFT — North-South model.
Helpman & Krugman (1985)Market Structure and Foreign TradeDRAFT — modern trade textbook.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ wage 비율.
(19.48) ★ ★ N-S consumption aggregator ★ N-S Consumption Aggregator DRAFT vc-passed
$$C_j(t) = \left(\int_0^{N(t)} c_j(t, \nu)^{(\varepsilon-1)/\varepsilon}\, dz\right)^{\varepsilon/(\varepsilon-1)}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ North-South CES.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ North-South CES.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Helpman (1993)Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica)DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation.
Grossman & Helpman (1991)Innovation and Growth in the Global EconomyDRAFT — North-South GH.
Krugman (1979)A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE)DRAFT — North-South product cycle.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ North-South CES.
(19.49) N-S prices = wages N-S Prices = Wages DRAFT vc-passed
$$p_n(t) = w_n(t),\ p_o(t) = w_s(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ N (north) old vs new.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ N (north) old vs new.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Helpman (1993)Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica)DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation.
Grossman & Helpman (1991)Innovation and Growth in the Global EconomyDRAFT — North-South GH.
Krugman (1979)A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE)DRAFT — North-South product cycle.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ N (north) old vs new.
(19.50) Demand ratio Demand Ratio DRAFT vc-passed
$$\frac{c_n(t)}{c_o(t)} = \left(\frac{p_n}{p_o}\right)^{-\varepsilon}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — 수요 비율.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 수요 비율.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Helpman (1993)Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica)DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation.
Grossman & Helpman (1991)Innovation and Growth in the Global EconomyDRAFT — North-South GH.
Krugman (1979)A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE)DRAFT — North-South product cycle.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — 수요 비율.
(19.51) Quantity per variety Quantity per Variety DRAFT vc-passed
$$c_n(t) = \frac{L_n}{N_n(t)},\ c_o(t) = \frac{L_s}{N_o(t)}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ N과 O variety 수량.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ N과 O variety 수량.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Helpman (1993)Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica)DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation.
Grossman & Helpman (1991)Innovation and Growth in the Global EconomyDRAFT — North-South GH.
Krugman (1979)A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE)DRAFT — North-South product cycle.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ N과 O variety 수량.
(19.52) ★ ★ Wage gap (north/south) ★ Wage Gap (North/South) DRAFT vc-passed
$$\frac{w_n(t)}{w_s(t)} \equiv \omega(t) = \left(\frac{N_n(t)}{N_o(t)}\right)\, \left(\frac{L_s}{L_n}\right)^{1/\varepsilon}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ ★ N-S wage gap.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ ★ N-S wage gap.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Helpman (1993)Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica)DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation.
Grossman & Helpman (1991)Innovation and Growth in the Global EconomyDRAFT — North-South GH.
Krugman (1979)A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE)DRAFT — North-South product cycle.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ ★ N-S wage gap.
(19.53) ★ ★ ★ N_n/N_o BGP ★ ★ N_n/N_o BGP DRAFT vc-passed
$$\frac{N_n(t)}{N_o(t)} = \frac{\eta}{\iota}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ ★ ★ Helpman 1993 — innovation/imitation 비.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ ★ ★ Helpman 1993 — innovation/imitation 비.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Helpman (1993)Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica)DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation.
Grossman & Helpman (1991)Innovation and Growth in the Global EconomyDRAFT — North-South GH.
Krugman (1979)A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE)DRAFT — North-South product cycle.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ ★ ★ Helpman 1993 — innovation/imitation 비.
(19.54) ★ Wage gap closed Wage Gap Closed DRAFT vc-passed
$$\frac{w_n(t)}{w_s(t)} = \max\!\left\{\frac{\eta}{\iota}\, \left(\frac{L_s}{L_n}\right)^{1/\varepsilon},\, 1\right\}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ ★ N-S 균형 임금.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ ★ N-S 균형 임금.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Helpman (1993)Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica)DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation.
Grossman & Helpman (1991)Innovation and Growth in the Global EconomyDRAFT — North-South GH.
Krugman (1979)A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE)DRAFT — North-South product cycle.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ ★ N-S 균형 임금.
(19.55) Wellposed conditions Wellposed Conditions DRAFT vc-passed
$$\eta\, \beta > \rho,\ 2(1-\theta)\, \eta\, \beta < \rho$$
Intuition
DRAFT — Proposition 19.13 wellposed.
3세 비유
DRAFT — Proposition 19.13 wellposed.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Helpman (1993)Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica)DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation.
Grossman & Helpman (1991)Innovation and Growth in the Global EconomyDRAFT — North-South GH.
Krugman (1979)A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE)DRAFT — North-South product cycle.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — Proposition 19.13 wellposed.
(19.56) ★ N-S innovation g_A ★ N-S Innovation g_A DRAFT vc-passed
$$g_A = \frac{1}{\theta}\, (\eta\, \beta - \rho)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ N-S innovation rate.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ N-S innovation rate.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Helpman (1993)Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica)DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation.
Grossman & Helpman (1991)Innovation and Growth in the Global EconomyDRAFT — North-South GH.
Krugman (1979)A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE)DRAFT — North-South product cycle.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ N-S innovation rate.
(19.57) ★ Imitation rate Imitation Rate DRAFT vc-passed
$$\frac{\dot A_j(t)}{A_j(t)} = \eta\, L^1_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ imitation 비율.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ imitation 비율.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Helpman (1993)Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica)DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation.
Grossman & Helpman (1991)Innovation and Growth in the Global EconomyDRAFT — North-South GH.
Krugman (1979)A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE)DRAFT — North-South product cycle.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ imitation 비율.
(19.58) Initial conditions Initial Conditions DRAFT vc-passed
$$A_n(0) = 1,\ A_s(0) = 1 - \delta$$
Intuition
DRAFT — 초기 분포.
3세 비유
DRAFT — 초기 분포.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Helpman (1993)Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica)DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation.
Grossman & Helpman (1991)Innovation and Growth in the Global EconomyDRAFT — North-South GH.
Krugman (1979)A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE)DRAFT — North-South product cycle.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — 초기 분포.
(19.59) Aggregate p1, p2 link Aggregate p1, p2 Link DRAFT vc-passed
$$p^1_j(t)\, A_j(t) = p^2_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 가격 vs A.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ 가격 vs A.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Helpman (1993)Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica)DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation.
Grossman & Helpman (1991)Innovation and Growth in the Global EconomyDRAFT — North-South GH.
Krugman (1979)A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE)DRAFT — North-South product cycle.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 가격 vs A.
(19.60) Producer price ratio Producer Price Ratio DRAFT vc-passed
$$\frac{p^1_j(t)}{p^2_j(t)} = \frac{X^1_j(t)}{X^2_j(t)}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ producer 가격 비.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ producer 가격 비.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Helpman (1993)Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica)DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation.
Grossman & Helpman (1991)Innovation and Growth in the Global EconomyDRAFT — North-South GH.
Krugman (1979)A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE)DRAFT — North-South product cycle.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ producer 가격 비.
(19.61) ★ ★ Trade balance condition ★ Trade Balance Condition DRAFT vc-passed
$$(1-\delta)^{-\varepsilon} < \frac{L_S}{L_N} < \varepsilon^{-1} + (1-\delta)^{-\varepsilon}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ ★ N-S BGP existence.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ ★ N-S BGP existence.
Genealogy
인물저작note
Helpman (1993)Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica)DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation.
Grossman & Helpman (1991)Innovation and Growth in the Global EconomyDRAFT — North-South GH.
Krugman (1979)A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE)DRAFT — North-South product cycle.
Applications
  • Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
  • Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
  • Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
  • Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
  • Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ ★ N-S BGP existence.

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