§19.1Open economy NGM
Open Economy NGM6 eq
(19.1)
두 국가 무역 — Heckscher-Ohlin baseline
Two-Country Production (H-O)
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$Y_j(t) = F_j(K_j(t), L_j(t), A_j(t))$$
Intuition
★ 무역 모형의 출발 — 각 국가의 생산함수. j ∈ {Home, Foreign}. Heckscher-Ohlin factor proportion.
3세 비유
두 나라가 각각 자기 자본·노동·기술로 만든다.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Eli Heckscher · Bertil Ohlin (1919-1933) | Heckscher-Ohlin theory | |
| Paul Krugman (1979) | Increasing returns trade theory | |
Applications
- 국제무역 standard model
- Krugman new trade theory
Civilizational Relevance
★ 국제무역 분석의 baseline.
(19.2)
Open NGM ODE
Open NGM ODE
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\dot k_j(t) = f(k_j(t)) - \tilde c_j(t) + b_j(t) - (n+g+\delta)\, k_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ open economy NGM (b_j = 무역수지).
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ open economy NGM (b_j = 무역수지).
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933) | Interregional and International Trade | DRAFT — factor proportions theory. |
| Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941) | Protection and Real Wages | DRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem. |
| Frenkel & Razin (1996) | Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World Economy | DRAFT — open economy macro 표준. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ open economy NGM (b_j = 무역수지).
(19.3)
★ Asset evolution
Asset Evolution
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\dot A_j(t) = r(t)\, A_j(t) - B_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ open economy 의 자산 동학.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ open economy 의 자산 동학.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933) | Interregional and International Trade | DRAFT — factor proportions theory. |
| Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941) | Protection and Real Wages | DRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem. |
| Frenkel & Razin (1996) | Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World Economy | DRAFT — open economy macro 표준. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ open economy 의 자산 동학.
(19.4)
Per-capita asset
Per-capita Asset
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\dot a_j(t) = (r(t) - g - n)\, a_j(t) - b_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 1인당 자산.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933) | Interregional and International Trade | DRAFT — factor proportions theory. |
| Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941) | Protection and Real Wages | DRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem. |
| Frenkel & Razin (1996) | Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World Economy | DRAFT — open economy macro 표준. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 1인당 자산.
(19.5)
Free trade equilibrium
Free Trade Equilibrium Condition
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$p_H(t)\, MP_{L,H}(t) = p_F(t)\, MP_{L,F}(t)$$
Intuition
자유 무역 균형: 두 나라 노동의 가격 × 한계생산 동등. Factor price equalization.
3세 비유
무역이 자유로우면 두 나라 노동자가 같은 가치 받는다 (효율성 보정 후).
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Samuelson (1949) | Factor price equalization theorem | |
Applications
- WTO trade analysis
- global value chains
Civilizational Relevance
글로벌 임금 격차 의 economics theoretical limit.
(19.6)
Trade balance closure
Trade Balance Closure
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\sum_{j=1}^{J} A_j\, b_j(t) = 0$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ ★ 세계 무역수지 합 = 0.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ ★ 세계 무역수지 합 = 0.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933) | Interregional and International Trade | DRAFT — factor proportions theory. |
| Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941) | Protection and Real Wages | DRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem. |
| Frenkel & Razin (1996) | Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World Economy | DRAFT — open economy macro 표준. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ ★ 세계 무역수지 합 = 0.
§19.2Heckscher-Ohlin trade in factors
Heckscher-Ohlin Trade in Factors7 eq
(19.7)
Trade in factors Y_j
Trade in Factors Y_j
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$Y_j(t) = F(X^K_j(t), X^L_j(t))$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ Y = 함수(자본, 노동) 양국 input.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ Y = 함수(자본, 노동) 양국 input.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933) | Interregional and International Trade | DRAFT — factor proportions theory. |
| Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941) | Protection and Real Wages | DRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem. |
| Frenkel & Razin (1996) | Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World Economy | DRAFT — open economy macro 표준. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ Y = 함수(자본, 노동) 양국 input.
(19.8)
Y^L_j
Y^L_j
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$Y^L_j(t) = A_j\, L_j(t)$$
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933) | Interregional and International Trade | DRAFT — factor proportions theory. |
| Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941) | Protection and Real Wages | DRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem. |
| Frenkel & Razin (1996) | Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World Economy | DRAFT — open economy macro 표준. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — 노동 부문.
(19.9)
Y^K_j
Y^K_j
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$Y^K_j(t) = K_j(t)$$
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933) | Interregional and International Trade | DRAFT — factor proportions theory. |
| Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941) | Protection and Real Wages | DRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem. |
| Frenkel & Razin (1996) | Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World Economy | DRAFT — open economy macro 표준. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — 자본 부문.
(19.10)
Specialization — comparative advantage
Specialization (Comparative Advantage)
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\frac{a_{Lj}}{a_{Hj}} > \frac{a_{Lk}}{a_{Hk}} \Rightarrow j \text{ specializes in } L\text{-good}$$
Intuition
★ Ricardo 1817 의 정전. 비교우위 의 수학. 한 국가가 한 재화에서 상대 효율 우위 → 그 재화 특화.
3세 비유
두 나라 중 한 나라가 어떤 일에 "상대적으로" 더 잘하면 그 일을 한다.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| David Ricardo (1817) | On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation | |
| Eli Heckscher · Bertil Ohlin (1919-1933) | Factor proportion theory | |
Applications
- 국제무역 정책 분석
- 한국 반도체 specialization 설명
Civilizational Relevance
★ 200년 된 economics 정전. 글로벌 분업 의 수학.
(19.11)
Trade balance (KL)
Trade Balance (KL)
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$p_K(t)\, [X^K_j - Y^K_j] + p_L(t)\, [X^L_j - Y^L_j] = 0$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 양 부문 무역수지.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ 양 부문 무역수지.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933) | Interregional and International Trade | DRAFT — factor proportions theory. |
| Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941) | Protection and Real Wages | DRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem. |
| Frenkel & Razin (1996) | Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World Economy | DRAFT — open economy macro 표준. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 양 부문 무역수지.
(19.12)
K dynamics
K Dynamics
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\dot K_j(t) = F(X^K_j, X^L_j) - \delta\, K_j(t) - C_j(t)$$
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933) | Interregional and International Trade | DRAFT — factor proportions theory. |
| Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941) | Protection and Real Wages | DRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem. |
| Frenkel & Razin (1996) | Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World Economy | DRAFT — open economy macro 표준. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — K 동학.
(19.13)
★ World market clearing
★ World Market Clearing
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\sum_j X^L_j(t) = \sum_j Y^L_j(t),\ \sum_j X^K_j(t) = \sum_j Y^K_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 세계 시장 청산.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933) | Interregional and International Trade | DRAFT — factor proportions theory. |
| Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941) | Protection and Real Wages | DRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem. |
| Frenkel & Razin (1996) | Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World Economy | DRAFT — open economy macro 표준. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 세계 시장 청산.
§19.3Open NGM with capital trade
Open NGM with Capital Trade6 eq
(19.14)
Trade NGM utility
Trade NGM Utility
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$U_j = \int_0^{\infty} e^{-(\rho-n) t}\, \frac{c_j(t)^{1-\theta} - 1}{1-\theta}\, dt$$
Intuition
DRAFT — open economy CRRA.
3세 비유
DRAFT — open economy CRRA.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933) | Interregional and International Trade | DRAFT — factor proportions theory. |
| Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941) | Protection and Real Wages | DRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem. |
| Frenkel & Razin (1996) | Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World Economy | DRAFT — open economy macro 표준. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — open economy CRRA.
(19.15)
Trade-induced growth ODE
Trade-Induced Growth ODE
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\dot A_j(t) = \sigma_j\, T_j(t) + \lambda_j A_j(t)$$
Intuition
★ 무역 강도 T_j(t) 가 기술 진보율에 영향. ch18 (18.3) 의 trade variant — OU process 의 trade-induced 형식.
3세 비유
무역을 많이 하는 나라는 기술이 빨리 늘어난다 — 무역 강도에 비례.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Krugman (1991) | Geography and Trade | |
| Acemoglu et al. (2007) | Trade-induced technical change | |
Applications
- 한국 1965-1995 export-led growth 분석
- China WTO 가입 후 tech catch-up
Civilizational Relevance
★ '무역이 성장 동력' 의 macro 표현.
(19.16)
x_j definition
x_j Definition
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$x_j(t) \equiv \frac{X^K_j(t)}{X^L_j(t)},\ Y_j = X^L_j\, f(x_j)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 자본/노동 비율.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933) | Interregional and International Trade | DRAFT — factor proportions theory. |
| Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941) | Protection and Real Wages | DRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem. |
| Frenkel & Razin (1996) | Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World Economy | DRAFT — open economy macro 표준. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 자본/노동 비율.
(19.17) ★
★ ★ World convergence
★ ★ World Convergence
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$f'(x^*_j) = f'(k^*_A) = \rho + \delta\quad \forall j$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ ★ ★ open economy 의 정적 결과 — 모든 나라 동일 capital/effective ratio.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ ★ ★ open economy 의 정적 결과 — 모든 나라 동일 capital/effe
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933) | Interregional and International Trade | DRAFT — factor proportions theory. |
| Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941) | Protection and Real Wages | DRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem. |
| Frenkel & Razin (1996) | Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World Economy | DRAFT — open economy macro 표준. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ ★ ★ open economy 의 정적 결과 — 모든 나라 동일 capital/effective ratio.
(19.18)
★ x* definition
x* Definition
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$x^*_j = x^* = \frac{\sum_j K_j(t)}{L(t) \sum_j A_j},\ k^* = \frac{\sum_j K_j(t)}{J\, L(t)}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ aggregate x*.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ aggregate x*.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933) | Interregional and International Trade | DRAFT — factor proportions theory. |
| Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941) | Protection and Real Wages | DRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem. |
| Frenkel & Razin (1996) | Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World Economy | DRAFT — open economy macro 표준. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ aggregate x*.
(19.19)
p_K* = ρ+δ
p_K* = ρ+δ
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$p_K^* = \rho + \delta$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 자본 가격 = 효과적 이자율.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ 자본 가격 = 효과적 이자율.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Eli Heckscher & Bertil Ohlin (1933) | Interregional and International Trade | DRAFT — factor proportions theory. |
| Wolfgang Stolper & Paul Samuelson (1941) | Protection and Real Wages | DRAFT — Stolper-Samuelson theorem. |
| Frenkel & Razin (1996) | Fiscal Policies and Growth in the World Economy | DRAFT — open economy macro 표준. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 자본 가격 = 효과적 이자율.
§19.4Multi-country monopolistic competition
Multi-country Monopolistic Competition21 eq
(19.20)
Multi-country log utility
Multi-country Log Utility
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\int_0^{\infty} e^{-\rho_j t}\, \log C_j(t)\, dt$$
Intuition
DRAFT — trade log utility.
3세 비유
DRAFT — trade log utility.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — trade log utility.
(19.21)
Multi-country budget
Multi-country Budget
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$p_I^j(t)\, \dot K_j(t) + p_C^j(t)\, C_j(t) = Y_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ I-good / C-good 분리 budget.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ I-good / C-good 분리 budget.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ I-good / C-good 분리 budget.
(19.22)
Variety conservation
Variety Conservation
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\sum_{j=1}^{J} \mu_j = N$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ variety 합산.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ variety 합산.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ variety 합산.
(19.23)
Variety price = rate
Variety Price = Rate
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$p_j(t) = r_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ variety 가격 = 자본 임대료.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ variety 가격 = 자본 임대료.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ variety 가격 = 자본 임대료.
(19.24) ★
★ ★ Multi-country C_j (CES)
★ ★ Multi-country C_j (CES)
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$C_j(t) = \chi\, K^C_j(t)^{1-\tau}\, \int_0^N x^C_j(t, \nu)^{(\varepsilon-1)/\varepsilon}\, d\nu$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ ★ CES multi-country.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ ★ CES multi-country.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ ★ CES multi-country.
(19.25)
Krugman gravity equation
Gravity Equation (Trade Flows)
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$T_{ij} = G\, \frac{Y_i\, Y_j}{D_{ij}^{\theta}}$$
Intuition
★★ 무역 흐름 = (두 국가 GDP 곱) / (거리^θ). Newton 의 만유인력 (F = GMm/r²) 와 algebraic 동형 — Mirowski case 의 직접 example.
3세 비유
두 나라 무역량 = 두 나라 경제 크기 곱 / 거리² — 중력처럼.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Isaac Newton (1687) | Principia (universal gravitation) | |
| Jan Tinbergen (1962) | Shaping the World Economy | ★ Tinbergen 1962 가 무역에 gravity equation 도입 — Mirowski 핵심 example. |
| James Anderson (1979) | Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation | |
Applications
- 국제무역 empirical work standard
- EU 단일시장 effect 측정
- 한국-중국-일본 무역 flow
Civilizational Relevance
★★★ Mirowski (1989) 의 가장 잘 알려진 example. Newton 1687 → Tinbergen 1962 직접 차용. **Acemoglu 가 Tinbergen 인용 안 함** — structural import.
(19.26)
Capital allocation
Capital Allocation
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$K^C_j(t) + K^I_j(t) + K^{\mu}_j(t) \leq K_j(t)$$
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — K 배분.
(19.27)
B_C demand
B_C Demand
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$B^C_j(r_j, [p(\nu)]) = r_j^{1-\tau}\, \int_0^N p(t, \nu)^{1-\varepsilon}\, d\nu$$
Intuition
DRAFT — C-good demand.
3세 비유
DRAFT — C-good demand.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — C-good demand.
(19.28)
B_I demand
B_I Demand
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$B^I_j(r_j, [p(\nu)]) = \zeta_j\, r_j^{1-\tau}\, \int_0^N p(t, \nu)^{1-\varepsilon}\, d\nu$$
Intuition
DRAFT — I-good demand.
3세 비유
DRAFT — I-good demand.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — I-good demand.
(19.29)
★ Inflation arbitrage
Inflation Arbitrage
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$r_j(t) + \frac{\dot p^I_j}{p^I_j} - \frac{\dot p^C_j}{p^C_j} = \rho_j + \frac{\dot C_j}{C_j}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ trade Fisher.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ trade Fisher.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ trade Fisher.
(19.30)
Trade TVC
Trade TVC
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\lim_{t\to\infty} e^{-\rho_j t}\, \frac{p^I_j(t)\, K_j(t)}{p^C_j(t)\, C_j(t)} = 0$$
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — TVC.
(19.31) ★
★ p_C C = ρ p_I K
★ p_C C = ρ p_I K
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$p^C_j(t)\, C_j(t) = \rho_j\, p^I_j(t)\, K_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 정상 비율.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ 정상 비율.
(19.32)
Price index normalize
Price Index Normalize
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\left(\int_0^N p(t, \nu)^{1-\varepsilon}\, d\nu\right)^{1/(1-\varepsilon)} = 1$$
Intuition
DRAFT — DS price index = 1.
3세 비유
DRAFT — DS price index = 1.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — DS price index = 1.
(19.33)
★ Price formulas
Price Formulas
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$p^C_j(t) = r_j(t)^{1-\tau},\ p^I_j(t) = \zeta_j\, r_j(t)^{1-\tau}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 가격 closed form.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ 가격 closed form.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 가격 closed form.
(19.34)
Y_j formula
Y_j Formula
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$Y_j(t) = \mu_j\, r_j(t)^{1-\varepsilon}\, Y(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ Y_j share.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ Y_j share.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ Y_j share.
(19.35) ★
★ K growth
K Growth
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\frac{\dot K_j}{K_j} = \frac{r_j(t)^{\tau}}{\zeta_j} - \rho_j$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ K 성장률.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ K 성장률.
(19.36)
Income identity
Income Identity
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$r_j(t)\, K_j(t) = \mu_j\, r_j(t)^{1-\varepsilon}\, \sum_{i=1}^{J} r_i(t)\, K_i(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ income share.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ income share.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ income share.
(19.37)
★ K and Y BGP equal
★ K and Y BGP Equal
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\frac{\dot K_j}{K_j} = \frac{\dot Y_j}{Y_j} = g^*$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ Proposition 19.10.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ Proposition 19.10.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ Proposition 19.10.
(19.38) ★
★ ★ BGP equilibrium
★ ★ BGP Equilibrium
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\sum_{j=1}^{J} \mu_j\, [\zeta_j(\rho_j + g^*)]^{(1-\varepsilon)/\tau} = 1$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ ★ multi-country BGP.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ ★ multi-country BGP.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ ★ multi-country BGP.
(19.39)
★ r* and p*
★ r* and p*
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$r^*_j = p^*_j = [\zeta_j(\rho_j + g^*)]^{1/\tau}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 균형 가격.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 균형 가격.
(19.41)
Y_j formula closed
Y_j Formula Closed
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$y^*_j = A_j\, s_j\, (g^*)^{\alpha/(1-\alpha)}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ firm output closed.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ firm output closed.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ firm output closed.
§19.5North-South innovation/imitation
North-South Innovation/Imitation21 eq
(19.40)
World income distribution (Pareto)
World Income Distribution (Pareto)
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\Pr(y > y_0) = \left(\frac{y_0}{y_{\min}}\right)^{-\alpha}$$
Intuition
★ 글로벌 소득 분포의 power law (Pareto). α 는 inequality parameter. 높을수록 평등.
3세 비유
전 세계 부 분포가 power law — '소수가 대부분 가짐' 의 수학.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Vilfredo Pareto (1896) | Cours d'économie politique | |
| Benoit Mandelbrot (1963) | Stable distributions in income | |
Applications
- Piketty 2014 Capital in 21st Century
- 한국 income inequality 측정
Civilizational Relevance
★ 100년 된 macro inequality framework. Piketty 와 함께 21세기 inequality 토론 anchor.
(19.42)
Trade B with labor
Trade B with Labor
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$B^C_j(w_j, r_j, [p(\nu)]) = w_j^{(1-\tau)(1-\gamma)}\, \cdots$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ labor-augmented trade demand.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ labor-augmented trade demand.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ labor-augmented trade demand.
(19.43)
★ p_C C as ρ p_I K
p_C C as ρ p_I K
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$p^C_j(t)\, C_j(t) = \rho_j\, p^I_j(t)\, K_j(t) + \int_t^{\infty} \exp\!\left(-\int_t^z (r_j + \dot p^I_j/p^I_j - \rho_j)\right)\, dz \cdot w_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ wage 추가.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ wage 추가.
(19.44)
Wage demand share
Wage Demand Share
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$(1-\gamma)(1-\tau)\ \text{of consumption expenditure on goods}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — share fraction.
3세 비유
DRAFT — share fraction.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — share fraction.
(19.45) ★
★ p_C C = ρ/(1-(1-γ)(1-τ)) p_I K
★ p_C C = ρ/(1-(1-γ)(1-τ)) p_I K
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$p^C_j(t)\, C_j(t) = \frac{\rho_j}{1 - (1-\gamma)(1-\tau)}\, p^I_j(t)\, K_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ wage included consumption.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ wage included consumption.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ wage included consumption.
(19.46)
★ K + W income
K + W Income
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$r_j(t)\, K_j(t) + w_j(t) = \mu_j\, r_j(t)^{1-\varepsilon}\, \sum_i [r_i(t) K_i(t) + w_i(t)]$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ Proposition 19.11.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ Proposition 19.11.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ Proposition 19.11.
(19.47)
★ Wage share
Wage Share
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\frac{w_j(t)}{r_j(t) K_j(t) + w_j(t)} = \frac{(1-\gamma)(1-\tau) \rho_j}{[\gamma + (1-\gamma)\tau]\, \zeta_j}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ wage 비율.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Paul Krugman (1980) | Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade (AER) | DRAFT — Krugman trade 정전. |
| Krugman & Venables (1995) | Globalization and the Inequality of Nations (QJE) | DRAFT — North-South model. |
| Helpman & Krugman (1985) | Market Structure and Foreign Trade | DRAFT — modern trade textbook. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ wage 비율.
(19.48) ★
★ N-S consumption aggregator
★ N-S Consumption Aggregator
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$C_j(t) = \left(\int_0^{N(t)} c_j(t, \nu)^{(\varepsilon-1)/\varepsilon}\, dz\right)^{\varepsilon/(\varepsilon-1)}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ North-South CES.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ North-South CES.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Helpman (1993) | Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica) | DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation. |
| Grossman & Helpman (1991) | Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy | DRAFT — North-South GH. |
| Krugman (1979) | A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE) | DRAFT — North-South product cycle. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ North-South CES.
(19.49)
N-S prices = wages
N-S Prices = Wages
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$p_n(t) = w_n(t),\ p_o(t) = w_s(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ N (north) old vs new.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ N (north) old vs new.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Helpman (1993) | Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica) | DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation. |
| Grossman & Helpman (1991) | Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy | DRAFT — North-South GH. |
| Krugman (1979) | A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE) | DRAFT — North-South product cycle. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ N (north) old vs new.
(19.50)
Demand ratio
Demand Ratio
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\frac{c_n(t)}{c_o(t)} = \left(\frac{p_n}{p_o}\right)^{-\varepsilon}$$
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Helpman (1993) | Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica) | DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation. |
| Grossman & Helpman (1991) | Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy | DRAFT — North-South GH. |
| Krugman (1979) | A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE) | DRAFT — North-South product cycle. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — 수요 비율.
(19.51)
Quantity per variety
Quantity per Variety
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$c_n(t) = \frac{L_n}{N_n(t)},\ c_o(t) = \frac{L_s}{N_o(t)}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ N과 O variety 수량.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ N과 O variety 수량.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Helpman (1993) | Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica) | DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation. |
| Grossman & Helpman (1991) | Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy | DRAFT — North-South GH. |
| Krugman (1979) | A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE) | DRAFT — North-South product cycle. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ N과 O variety 수량.
(19.52) ★
★ Wage gap (north/south)
★ Wage Gap (North/South)
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\frac{w_n(t)}{w_s(t)} \equiv \omega(t) = \left(\frac{N_n(t)}{N_o(t)}\right)\, \left(\frac{L_s}{L_n}\right)^{1/\varepsilon}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ ★ N-S wage gap.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ ★ N-S wage gap.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Helpman (1993) | Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica) | DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation. |
| Grossman & Helpman (1991) | Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy | DRAFT — North-South GH. |
| Krugman (1979) | A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE) | DRAFT — North-South product cycle. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ ★ N-S wage gap.
(19.53) ★
★ ★ N_n/N_o BGP
★ ★ N_n/N_o BGP
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\frac{N_n(t)}{N_o(t)} = \frac{\eta}{\iota}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ ★ ★ Helpman 1993 — innovation/imitation 비.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ ★ ★ Helpman 1993 — innovation/imitation 비.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Helpman (1993) | Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica) | DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation. |
| Grossman & Helpman (1991) | Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy | DRAFT — North-South GH. |
| Krugman (1979) | A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE) | DRAFT — North-South product cycle. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ ★ ★ Helpman 1993 — innovation/imitation 비.
(19.54)
★ Wage gap closed
Wage Gap Closed
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\frac{w_n(t)}{w_s(t)} = \max\!\left\{\frac{\eta}{\iota}\, \left(\frac{L_s}{L_n}\right)^{1/\varepsilon},\, 1\right\}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ ★ N-S 균형 임금.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ ★ N-S 균형 임금.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Helpman (1993) | Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica) | DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation. |
| Grossman & Helpman (1991) | Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy | DRAFT — North-South GH. |
| Krugman (1979) | A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE) | DRAFT — North-South product cycle. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ ★ N-S 균형 임금.
(19.55)
Wellposed conditions
Wellposed Conditions
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\eta\, \beta > \rho,\ 2(1-\theta)\, \eta\, \beta < \rho$$
Intuition
DRAFT — Proposition 19.13 wellposed.
3세 비유
DRAFT — Proposition 19.13 wellposed.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Helpman (1993) | Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica) | DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation. |
| Grossman & Helpman (1991) | Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy | DRAFT — North-South GH. |
| Krugman (1979) | A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE) | DRAFT — North-South product cycle. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — Proposition 19.13 wellposed.
(19.56)
★ N-S innovation g_A
★ N-S Innovation g_A
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$g_A = \frac{1}{\theta}\, (\eta\, \beta - \rho)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ N-S innovation rate.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ N-S innovation rate.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Helpman (1993) | Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica) | DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation. |
| Grossman & Helpman (1991) | Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy | DRAFT — North-South GH. |
| Krugman (1979) | A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE) | DRAFT — North-South product cycle. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ N-S innovation rate.
(19.57)
★ Imitation rate
Imitation Rate
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\frac{\dot A_j(t)}{A_j(t)} = \eta\, L^1_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ imitation 비율.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ imitation 비율.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Helpman (1993) | Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica) | DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation. |
| Grossman & Helpman (1991) | Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy | DRAFT — North-South GH. |
| Krugman (1979) | A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE) | DRAFT — North-South product cycle. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ imitation 비율.
(19.58)
Initial conditions
Initial Conditions
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$A_n(0) = 1,\ A_s(0) = 1 - \delta$$
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Helpman (1993) | Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica) | DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation. |
| Grossman & Helpman (1991) | Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy | DRAFT — North-South GH. |
| Krugman (1979) | A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE) | DRAFT — North-South product cycle. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — 초기 분포.
(19.59)
Aggregate p1, p2 link
Aggregate p1, p2 Link
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$p^1_j(t)\, A_j(t) = p^2_j(t)$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ 가격 vs A.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Helpman (1993) | Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica) | DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation. |
| Grossman & Helpman (1991) | Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy | DRAFT — North-South GH. |
| Krugman (1979) | A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE) | DRAFT — North-South product cycle. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ 가격 vs A.
(19.60)
Producer price ratio
Producer Price Ratio
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$\frac{p^1_j(t)}{p^2_j(t)} = \frac{X^1_j(t)}{X^2_j(t)}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ producer 가격 비.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ producer 가격 비.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Helpman (1993) | Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica) | DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation. |
| Grossman & Helpman (1991) | Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy | DRAFT — North-South GH. |
| Krugman (1979) | A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE) | DRAFT — North-South product cycle. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ producer 가격 비.
(19.61) ★
★ Trade balance condition
★ Trade Balance Condition
DRAFT
vc-passed
$$(1-\delta)^{-\varepsilon} < \frac{L_S}{L_N} < \varepsilon^{-1} + (1-\delta)^{-\varepsilon}$$
Intuition
DRAFT — ★ ★ N-S BGP existence.
3세 비유
DRAFT — ★ ★ N-S BGP existence.
Genealogy
| 인물 | 저작 | note |
|---|
| Helpman (1993) | Innovation, Imitation, and Intellectual Property Rights (Econometrica) | DRAFT — North-South innovation/imitation. |
| Grossman & Helpman (1991) | Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy | DRAFT — North-South GH. |
| Krugman (1979) | A Model of Innovation, Technology Transfer (JPE) | DRAFT — North-South product cycle. |
Applications
- Heckscher-Ohlin 1933 trade theory
- Krugman 1980 monopolistic competition trade
- Helpman 1993 North-South innovation/imitation
- Eaton-Kortum 2002 Frechet trade
- Anderson-van Wincoop gravity
Civilizational Relevance
DRAFT — ★ canonical bridge — ★ ★ N-S BGP existence.